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Rivers Flashcards

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1
Q

Evaporation

A

When water is taken up into the sky
Liquid -> gas

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2
Q

Transpiration

A

When water gets evaporated off trees

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3
Q

Condensation

A

Water turns into clouds
Gas -> liquid

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4
Q

Precipitation

A

When water falls out of the sky as sleet, rain, hail or snow

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5
Q

Surface flow

A

When water travels along the surface

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6
Q

Infiltration

A

When water soaks into the ground

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7
Q

Through flow

A

When water travels through the hill after it is absorbed

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8
Q

Ground water flow

A

When water flows through the rocks

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9
Q

Interception

A

Trees intercept the water from reaching the ground

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10
Q

What is a drainage basin

A

A catchment area for precipitation. The rain is drained by one river and it’s tributaries

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11
Q

What is the longest route through the hydrological cycle

A

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, percolation, ground water flow

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12
Q

What is the hydrological cycle

A

Water cycle

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13
Q

Watershed

A

Area of high land that separates drainage basins

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14
Q

Source

A

The start of a river in an area of high land

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15
Q

Tributary

A

A small river or stream

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16
Q

Confluence

A

Where two or more rivers meet

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17
Q

River channel

A

The main river channel

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18
Q

Mouth

A

The end of a river where it meets the sea

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19
Q

What is a characteristic

A

A description of what the area is like

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20
Q

What is a feature

A

A land form that has been created

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21
Q

Characteristics of the upper Course of a river

A

High above sea level
Wet / boggy / saturated soil
Fast flowing - high carrying capacity
Large bed load
Verticals erosion

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22
Q

Characteristics of the middle Course of a river

A

Land gets flatter
Deeper + wider
Less vertical + more lateral erosion
Bed load gets smaller

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23
Q

Characteristics of the lower Course of a river

A

Flat land - flooding
River widens
Tidal flow

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24
Q

Features of the upper course of the river

A

V- shaped valley
Waterfalls
Gorge
Interlocking Spurs
River rapids

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25
Q

Features of the middle course of the river

A

Meander
River cliff / slip off slope
Ox-bow lake
U-shaped valley

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26
Q

Features of the lower course of the river

A

Estuary
Mud flows
Deltas
Ox-bow lake
Flood planes

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27
Q

What Increases in size as u travel downstream

A

Discharge
Occupied channel width
Channel depth
Average velocity
Load quantity

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28
Q

What decreases in size as you travel downstream

A

Load particle size
Channel bed toughness
Slope angle gradient

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29
Q

Why does discharge increase as you travel downstream

A

More tributaries join

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30
Q

Why does occupied channel width increase as you travel downstream

A

More lateral erosion as the ground is flatter

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31
Q

Why does channel depth increase as you travel downstream

A

More abrasion + HA due to increase in energy

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32
Q

Why does average velocity increase as you travel downstream

A

River is large so there is less friction

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33
Q

Why does load quantity increase as you travel downstream

A

Abrasion + attrition have broken the rocks down

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34
Q

Does the upper course of the river seem slow or fast and what speed is it

A

Seems fast but it slow

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35
Q

Formation of a waterfall

A

A band of hard rock lies over a band of soft rock
A plunge pool is formed at the base of the waterfall due to the force of the water
The soft rock is more easily eroded so the hard rock overhangs the soft rock
Eventually the hard rock cannot support itself and it collapses
The waterfall retreats over time leaving a gorge 

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36
Q

What erosion types cause the formation of plunge pools

A

HA
Abrasion

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37
Q

What is the name of the waterfall on the river tees

A

High force waterfall

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38
Q

What hard and soft rock is there on high force waterfall (river tees)

A

Hard rock - winstone
Soft rock - limestone

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39
Q

What is the upper course ground like the the river tees

A

Desolate, Moreland, very wet, saturated soil
High up in Pennines (893m)

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40
Q

What is the river tees like in the upper course

A

Narrow river
River rapids

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41
Q

Where is the source of the river tees near to

A

Close to cross fell at tees head

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42
Q

Where is the high force waterfall close to

A

Forest in Teasdale

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43
Q

What is high force waterfalls drop and gorge size

A

20 meter drop to plunge pool
Gorge runs 700m

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44
Q

What develops on the middle course of the river sees and where is that near

A

Meanders develop through a lower gradient past barnard castle

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45
Q

What is the river tees like in the middle course

A

River gets faster + wider
Smaller bed load (as lots of abrasion and attrition has occurred)
Land becomes flatter (as more lateral erosion)

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46
Q

What feature may develop in the lower course and where is it near

A

Meander may eventually develop into an ox-bow lake as the neck of the meander becomes narrower
Sockburn

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47
Q

What is the river like in the lower course is the river tees

A

Mudflats sandbanks
Wide deep
Lots of sediment
Industrial

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48
Q

Why does the river flow faster in the middle course than the upper course

A

The volume of water increases leaves more energy once friction is overcome
So the river erodes laterally instead of vertically
So the river is wider

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49
Q

Why is there more water volume further down the river

A

More tributaries have joined and there is more surface run offn

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50
Q

Is the meander undercutting on the outside or inside bend

A

Outside

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51
Q

Is the meander slip of slope on the outside or inside bend

A

Inside

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52
Q

Is the area of deposition on the side of undercutting or slip off slope in a meander

A

Slip off slope

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53
Q

Is the river slowest or fastest on the inside bend

A

Slowest

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54
Q

What side of the meander is the river cliff

A

Outer bend

55
Q

Why does the river erode through the outer bend (bottle neck) and with what processes

A

Because it’s the faster path
HA and abrasion

56
Q

Does the inner bend have erosion of deposition and what does this cause

A

Deposition
Cuts of the meander leaving an ox-bow lake

57
Q

How is an Ox-bow lake formed (6 marks)

A

The river has meanders which is where the river bends
The river is the slowest On the inner bend and fastest on the outer bend
Therefor it leads too Deposition on the inner bend and erosion caused by abrasion and hydraulic action on the outer bend
This errors through the bottleneck with a river cliff on the outer bend and slip off slope on the inner bend
The inner bend deposit sediment and cuts off meander as the river takes the fastest route causing an oxbow lake


58
Q

Why is the lowest course the fastest part of the river

A

Flows over a gentle gradient
Flows in a deep wide channel so there is much less friction and the volume of water is larger

59
Q

How big is the load of the lower course of the river and how does it carry it

A

Small load
Suspension and solution

60
Q

What features are on the lower course

A

Floodplane
Embankments called levees (can be natural or artificial)

61
Q

What two things in the river tees are artificial

A

Cow green reservoir
Artificial straightening of 2 meanders over a 3 mile stretch of the channel for shipping
(Near Stockton) north of yarm

62
Q

What are the 4 natural causes of flooding

A

Geology (impermeable rock)
Glaciers melting
Precipitation
Relief (steep land) so less time to infiltrate
(All increase surface run off so increase water)

63
Q

What are the 2 human causes of flooding

A

Urbanisation (less infiltration / impermeable ground)
Deforestation (less interception)

64
Q

Why does precipitation lead to flooding

A

Torrential rainstorms can lead to sudden flash floods as a river channels cannot contain the sheer volume of water flowing into them
Steady rainfall over several days can also lead to flooding in low-lying land river basins

65
Q

Why does urbanisation lead to flooding

A

Building on a floodplain creates impermeable surfaces such as tarmac roads concrete driveways and slate roofs
Water is transferred quickly to drains and sewers and then taken into urban river channels
This rapid movement of water makes flooding more likely

66
Q

Why does deforestation lead to flooding

A

Much of the water that falls on trees is evaporated or stored temporarily on leaves and branches
Trees also use up water as they grow
When trees are removed much more water is suddenly able to transfer rapidly into river channels increasing flood risk

67
Q

Why does steep slopes cause flooding

A

In mounting environment steep slopes encourage a rapid transfer of water toward river channels

68
Q

Why does geology cause flooding

A

Impermeable rocks such as sales in clays encourage water to flow over land and into the channels this speeds up water flow and make flooding more likely

69
Q

Why does agriculture lead to flooding

A

In arable farming soil is left unused and expose the elements for periods of time this can lead to more surface run-off this is increased if the land is ploughed up and down steep slopes as water can flow quickly how long the furrows 

70
Q

What is a flood plane

A

The wide flatter valley floor surrounding the river

71
Q

What helps create a floodplane

A

The rivers lateral erosion as it meanders

72
Q

Are the small or larger sediments deposited close the the river channel

A

Larger the smaller are carried further away then deposited

73
Q

What covers a floodplane after a flood

A

Sediments

74
Q

What does the sediment after a flood cause by a river

A

Levees or large natural embankments close to channel

75
Q

What is a floodplain

A

On wide flat area of Marshy land on either side of the river and found in the middle and lower course
they made of sediment deposited by a river when it floods are useful for farming as the soil is very fertile

76
Q

How is a floodplain formed

A

Meanders migrate across the floodplain due to lateral erosion when they reach the edge of the floodplain they erroad the valley side

When the river floods it deposited silt creating a very flat floodplain
layers upon layers built up over many years to form a thick fertile ground

77
Q

What is a levee

A

A raised river banks found alongside a river in its lower course

78
Q

How is the levee formed

A

Formed by flooding over many years
During low flood conditions deposition takes place raising the river bed and reducing the capacity of the channel when flooding occurs water flows over the side of the channel
Gradually after many floods the height of the banks can be raised by as much as 2 m

79
Q

What is an estuary

A

Transitional zones between river and coastal environment and are affected by both wave action and river processes

80
Q

How is an estuary formed

A

During rising tide river water is Unable to be discharged into the sea the rivers Velocity falls and sediment is deposited at low tides These deposits form extensive mudflats overtime
Mudflats develop into important natural habitats called salt marshes

81
Q

What is the main process in the formation of an estuary

A

Deposition

82
Q

What is the calculation to find discharge + units

A

Discharge (m3/sec) = cross section area (m2) x velocity (m/sec)

83
Q

What is basin lag time

A

Time difference between the peak of the rain storm and the peak flow of the river

84
Q

How is the rain in mm presented on a flood hydrograph

A

As a bar chart

85
Q

What is the rising limb in a flood hydrograph

A

Rising flood water in the river

86
Q

What is peak flow on a hydrograph

A

Maximum discharge in the river

87
Q

How is the discharge of the river presented on a flood hydrograph

A

As a line

88
Q

What is a falling limb on a flood hydrograph

A

Falling flood water in the river

89
Q

What is hard engineering (flood defences)

A

Involves using man made structures to prevent Or control flooding and issues expensive

90
Q

What is soft engineering (flood defences)

A

Involves working with a natural process to manage the flood risk

91
Q

Three examples of hard engineering (flood defences)

A

Embankments
Dams + reservoirs
Flood relief channels

92
Q

Three examples of soft engineering (flood defences)

A

Flood warning
Afforestation
Flood plane zoning

93
Q

Why the Impacts of flooding are worse in LICS (2 reasons)

A

Poor housing / infrastructure
Poor communication

94
Q

Why the Impacts of flooding are worse in LICS due to poor housing and infrastructure (multiplier effect)

A

Home is a more easily destroyed
People become homeless
Live in temporary accommodation
Overcrowded and poor sanitation
More risk to waterborne diseases such as cholera
More people die from secondary impacts of the flooding

95
Q

Why the Impacts of flooding are worse in LICS due to poor communication

A

Like a warning from TV/media
Lets people aware of hazard
Less people evacuate time
More people drown or suffer from waterbourne diseases such as cholera 

96
Q

4 hard engineering schemes for controlling flooding

A

Dams / reservoirs
Channel straightening
Embankments
Flood relief channels

97
Q

How does a dam / reservoir work to control flooding

A

Regulates water flow
during periods of high rainfall water Can be stored in the reservoir it can then be released when rainfall is low

98
Q

How does a channel straightening work to control flooding

A

Involves cutting through meanders to create a straight channel speeding up the flow of water

99
Q

How does a embankments work to control flooding

A

Raise riverbank
Allows river channel to hold more water before flooding occurs

100
Q

How does a flood relief channels work to control flooding

A

A man made a river channel constructed to bypass an urban area
During times of flood swice gates that open to allow excess water to flow away into relief channel

101
Q

Negatives of dams / reservoirs

A

Expensive
Often floods large areas of land so people have to move

102
Q

Positivities of dams + reservoirs

A

Very effective
HEP
Irrigation
Recreation
Water supply

103
Q

Negatives of channel straightenings

A

Increase flood risk further downstream
Unattractive
Damage to wildlife + habitats

104
Q

Positives of channel straightening

A

Speeds up flow of river
Prevents river bank from collapsing

105
Q

Negatives of embankments

A

Expensive
Looks unnatural

106
Q

Positives of embankments

A

Prevents flooding of valuable property

107
Q

Negatives of flood relief channels

A

Expensive
Can damage the environment and habitats

108
Q

Benefits of flood relief channels

A

Reduces the threat of flood in urban areas

109
Q

What are 4 scemes of soft engineering in river flood defences

A

Flood warnings and preparation
Flood plain zoning
Planting trees (afforestation)
River restoration

110
Q

How does a flood warnings and preparation work to control flooding

A

Rivers are monitored and environmental agency issue food warnings if flooding is likely
Warning sent to public and emergency services

111
Q

How does a flood plain zoning work to control flooding

A

Restricted different land uses to certain locations and floodplain areas close to river kept clear of high-value land uses such as housing and industry

112
Q

How does planting trees work to control flooding

A

Planting trees to establish a woodland or forest
Trees intercept the flow of water and slow down the transfer to the river channels

113
Q

How does river restoration work to control flooding

A

Where the course of a river has been changed artificially
(river restoration can return to its original course)

114
Q

Negatives of flood warnings + preparation as a flood defence

A

Not always accurate so people could loose trust in environmental agency
Property values + insurance premiums increase

115
Q

Positives of flood warnings + preparation as flood defence

A

Allows local authorities + emergency services time to prepare with temporary barriers , evacuation, closing roads
Reduces impacts

116
Q

Negatives of river restoration as a flood defence

A

Expensive
May cause disruption to habitat while restoration is taking place

117
Q

Positives of river restoration as a flood defence

A

Slows down river flow
Reduces the likelihood of flooding downstream

118
Q

Negatives of afforestation as a flood defence

A

Trees take a long time to grow before they are fully established
Takes up space

119
Q

Positives of afforestation as a flood defence

A

Relatively cheap
Good for environment

120
Q

Where is Leeds located

A

Leeds is located north of England in Yorkshire
It’s in land with a population of about 780,000
It’s also NE of Manchester

121
Q

Why was the flood management scheme in leeds required

A

There was a bad flood in 2015 causing lots of flooding in Leeds (as it was on a floodplain of river aire) the river rose to 2.95 m when it’s usually at 0.9 m
environmental agency issued a red weather warning as a result of storm Eva
the land use in this location is important (industry housing built on surrounding land)

122
Q

Effects on leeds of the flood in 2015 (storm eva)

A

Damage to Leeds was £36.8 million with wider city region closer to £500 million (economic )
3355 properties were damaged ( 672 businesses)

123
Q

What was the idea of phase 1 of the flood management scheme

A

Protecting against a 1 in 100 year flood event

124
Q

What were the three strategies of flood the flood management scheme

A

Moveable weirs
Merging the river + channel
Flood walls, glazed panels , embankments

125
Q

Where were moveable weirs placed as a part of the flood management scheme + how does this help in a flood

A

At crown point + knos tron
They can be lowered to create more room for flood water
And potential reducing flood levels by up to 1 meter

126
Q

As a part of the flood management scheme they removed how much land and where as a result of merging the river and canal

A

600m stretch
Known as knostrop island

127
Q

How does merging river and canal reduce flooding (leeds case study)

A

Creates additional capasity for flood water
Creates lower level on flood conditions

128
Q

How does flood walls, glazed panels a d embankments prevent aga sit flood and how far do they stretch in the flood management scheme in leeds

A

Reduces capacity in time of flood
4.5km stretech

129
Q

Social positives of the flood management scheme in Leeds

A

Main routes will remain open in floods reducing disruption for people
QOL will improve for people with new green areas
Also reduces anxiety and depression

130
Q

Economic positives of the flood management scheme in Leeds

A

Protects houses and businesses

131
Q

Environmental positives of the flood management scheme in Leeds

A

Weir reduces flooding
Thousands of new trees is natural flood management is good for environment
Part of flood plane will be allowed to deliberate flood potentials helping habitats

132
Q

Economic negatives of the flood management scheme in Leeds

A

Costs 50 mill so far
Expected to be 100 mill when completed

133
Q

Environmental costs of the flood management scheme in Leeds

A

Habitats removed / destroyed as part of merging river and canal
Allowing part of floodplane to deliberately flood may damage habitats

Geography - Physical (3 decks)

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