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geography > river processes and pressures > Flashcards

river processes and pressures Flashcards

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0
Q

deforestation

A

the chopping down and removal of trees to clear an area of forest

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1
Q

confluence

A

a point at which two streams or rivers meet

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2
Q

deposition

A

the dropping of sediment that was being carried by a moving force

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3
Q

drainage basin

A

the area of land drained by a river and it’s tributaries

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4
Q

erosion

A

the wearing away and removal of material by a moving force

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5
Q

flood plain

A

the relatively flat area forming the valley floor on either side of a river channel, which is sometimes flooded

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6
Q

flood risk

A

the predicted frequency of floods in an area

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7
Q

geology

A

the science and study of the earths crust and it’s components

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8
Q

hard engineering

A

using solid structures to resist forces of erosion

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9
Q

hydrograph

A

a graph which shows discharge of a river, related to rainfall, over a period of time

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10
Q

integrated river management

A

a holistic system of managing rivers that takes an overview of the whole river basin and the relationship between it’s different parts

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11
Q

interlocking spurs

A

areas of high land which stick out into a steep-sided valley

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12
Q

levee

A

natural embankments of sediment along the banks of a river

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13
Q

long profile

A

the gradient of a river, from its source to mouth

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14
Q

lower course

A

the part of a river system that is close to the mouth

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15
Q

meander

A

the bends in a river

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16
Q

middle course

A

the central section of a river’s course

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17
Q

mouth

A

the point where the river enters a lake or sea

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18
Q

ox-bow lake

A

an arc-shaped lake which has been cut off from a meandering river

19
Q

river cliff

A

steep outer edge of a meander where erosion is at it’s highest

20
Q

sediment

A

usually sand, mud or pebbles deposited by a river

21
Q

slip-off slope

A

inner gentle slope of a meander where deposition takes place

22
Q

tributary

A

a stream or small river that joins a larger stream or river

23
Q

upper course

A

the source area of a river, often in an upland or mountainous region

24
Q

urbanisation

A

the development and growth of towns or cities

25
Q

waterfall

A

sudden descent of a river or stream over a vertical or very steep slope

26
Q

watershed

A

the boundary of a drainage basin

27
Q

weathering

A

the breakdown and decay of rock by natural processes

28
Q

what landforms are found in the upper course?

A
  • waterfalls and plunge pools
  • v shaped valleys
  • interlocking crazy
29
Q

what landforms are found in the middle course

A

meander

30
Q

what landforms are found in the lower course?

A
  • oxbow lake
  • floodplain
  • levees
31
Q

what are the four main types of erosion?

A
  • abrasion
  • attrition
  • corrosion
  • hydraulic action
32
Q

what is abrasion?

A

where sediment erodes the river bed

33
Q

what is attrition?

A

this is caused when rocks and pebbles bump into each other and break into smaller pieces

34
Q

corrosion

A

this is where salts and other acids in the water slowly dissolve away the coast

35
Q

what is hydraulic action?

A

this is when air gets trapped in a crack in the river bank and the air gets compressed and expands

36
Q

what are the physical factors affecting flooding?

A

1) intense rainfall - rain falls too quickly to allow infiltration due to the ground being saturated
2) snow melting - when temperatures rise, snow melts
3) impermeable rocks - some rocks do not allow water to enter the ground

37
Q

what are the human factors affecting flooding?

A

1) deforestation - vegetation collects and stores water, so less vegetation = more water into the channel
2) urbanisation - rainwater cannot infiltrate the ground due to concrete and tarmac

38
Q

what are the factors affecting hydrographs?

A
  • climate
  • soils
  • vegetation
  • infiltration capacity
  • rock type
  • slope angle
  • drainage density
  • human activity
39
Q

what are the advantages of man made levees?

A

stop water from spreading into areas such as housing

40
Q

what are the disadvantages of man made levees?

A

floodwater can go over the top and they can burst under pressure

41
Q

what are the advantages of channelisation?

A

this allows more water to run through the channel more quickly

42
Q

what are the disadvantages of channelisation?

A

more water is taken downstream where it could put another place at risk

43
Q

what are the advantages of dams?

A

water is held back during times of heavy rain or snow melt, can be used to supply HEP

44
Q

disadvantages of dams

A

very expensive and can cause wild scale damage if they burst

45
Q

what are the advantages of flood relief channels?

A

can accommodate extra water from the river so that it doesn’t overflow

46
Q

what are the disadvantages of flood relief channels?

A

not nice to look at and are expensive

geography (2 decks)

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