RISK FACTORS FOR PERIO DISEASES Flashcards
What aspects of general health can drive periodontal disease?
- stress
- fatigue
- smoking
- diet
- medications
- hygienic habits
What is the definition of a risk factor?
Something that increases a persons chances of developing a disease
What are examples of acquired local risk factors?
- plaque
- calculus
- overhanging & poorly contoured restorations
- orthodontics
- occlusal trauma
What are examples of anatomical local risk factors?
- malpositioned teeth
- root grooves
- concavities and furcations
- enamel pearls
what are examples of non-modifiable systemic risk factors?
- aging
- genetic factors
- gender (males)
- genetic disorders
- down syndrome
- Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome
What are examples of modifiable systemic risk factors for periodontal disease?
- smoking
- poor controlled diabetes
- HIV
- leukaemia
- osteopenia
- stress
- medications
- hormonal status
Why is smoking such a big risk factor for development of periodontal disease?
- decreased healing capacity (reduced blood flow)
- negative effects on oral microbiota
- increased activity of immune system
Why is sub-optimally controlled diabetes mellitus a risk factor for periodontal disease?
- Hyperglycaemia in diabetes patients may modulate RANKL : OPG ratio (leading to alveolar bone destruction
- Hyperglycaemia causes increased production of AGE (ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS) which leads to exacerbation of inflammation
how do advanced glaciations end products cause exacerbation of inflammation?
causes production of inflammatory cytokines and destructive metalloproteinases
In patients with sub-optimally controlled diabetes mellitus, what are important factors contributing to periodontal disease severity?
- degree of diabetic control
- age of onset
- duration of the disease
Lack of which vitamin can contribute to decrease of periodontal health ?
Severe Vit. C deficiency (scurvy) can cause SCORBUTIC GINGIVITIS
Why can a lack of nutrients lead to decreased periodontal disease?
Decreased function of immune system
what drugs may contribute to periodontal disease?
- Anticonvulsant = phenytoin
- Immunosuppressants = cyclosporin (transplant patients)
- Calcium channel blockers = nifedipine & amlodipine
Why might patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia be at a higher risk for periodontal disease?
low bone mineral dentistry in the maxilla and mandible may contribute to perio pathology by accelerating bone resorption initiated by perio disease
why can psychological stress contribute to periodontal disease?
In response to stress, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is stimulated leading to increased secretion of cortisol:
- this eventually leads to secretion of catecholamine and substance P
