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HLST 200 AU Final > Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define Superior Vena Cava

A

A major vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the head and upper body to the heart. It empties into the right atrium of the heart.

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2
Q

Define Inferior Vena Cava

A

A major vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower torso and legs to the heart. It also empties into the right atrium of the heart.

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3
Q

Define Aorta

A

The largest single blood vessel in the body, comparable in size to the diameter of the thumb. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body.

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4
Q

Define Pulmonary Artery

A

A vessel that transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

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5
Q

Define Pulmonary Vein

A

A vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

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6
Q

Define Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels in the body, only slightly larger in diameter than a single red blood cell. Capillaries supply oxygen and nutrients to cells in tissues and collect waste products.

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7
Q

Define Heart Chambers

A

The heart has four chambers, serving as two pumps. The upper two chambers are called atria.

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8
Q

Define Atrium

A

The upper chambers of the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood.

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9
Q

Define Ventricles

A

The lower chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

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10
Q

Define Valves

A

Special structures in the heart that control the flow of blood between chambers. Examples include the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves.

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11
Q

Define Systole and Diastole

A

Systole is the contraction phase of the heart, while diastole is the relaxation phase between contractions.

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12
Q

Define Papillary Muscles

A

Muscles that attach to the lower portion of the heart’s ventricles and connect to the chordae tendineae. They play a role in opening and closing heart valves.

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13
Q

Define Myocardium

A

The heart muscle, consisting of branching fibers that allow the heart to contract or beat. It pumps blood throughout the body.

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14
Q

Define Pericardium

A

A double-layered membrane surrounding the heart, with a space between the layers filled with lubricating fluid.

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15
Q

Define Endocardium

A

A smooth membrane lining the interior of the heart and its valves.

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16
Q

Define Heart Rate and Pumping

A

The average adult heart beats 70 to 80 times per minute, pumping about 56 milliliters of blood with each beat. This adds up to around 4.72 liters per minute or about 283 liters per hour.

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17
Q

Is heart disease inevitable?

A

Heart disease is not inevitable and can be prevented by maintaining heart health through early and lifelong efforts.

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18
Q

What is Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?

A

Broad term encompassing diseases affecting the heart and the entire cardiovascular system, including coronary arteries, veins, and those throughout the body and brain. It’s a top global cause of death.

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19
Q

What are 4 common types of CVD conditions?

A

CVD includes diverse conditions. Four common types are atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease (coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease), hypertension, and stroke.

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20
Q

How does CVD impact Canada?

A

CVD is the second leading cause of death in Canada.

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21
Q

What is Atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of plaque on artery walls, leading to narrowed arteries and reduced blood flow.

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of heart attacks and strokes. Key risk factors include high blood pressure, elevated blood fats and cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes, and a family history of the disease.

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22
Q

What is Plaque in relation to CVD?

A

Plaque in atherosclerosis are deposits on artery walls made up of fat, fibrin, cholesterol, cell components, and calcium. It narrows arteries, restricting blood flow, and can rupture, leading to blood clots that block blood supply, causing issues like angina, heart attacks, or strokes.

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23
Q

What is Angina?

A

Angina is chest pain experienced when there is reduced blood flow in the coronary artery, which supplies blood to the heart. It is often an early sign of coronary heart disease.

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24
Q

When can Angina occur?

A

Angina can occur when atherosclerosis narrows the coronary arteries. If blood flow is entirely blocked, a heart attack may happen, while blockages in the brain can lead to strokes.

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25
Q

What are Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis?

A

Key risk factors for atherosclerosis are high blood pressure, elevated blood fats and cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes, and a family history of the disease. These factors raise the risk of atherosclerosis, a major cause of heart attacks and strokes. Managing them is crucial for heart health.

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26
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD, CAD, IHD)?

A

The most common heart condition in Canada, specifically involving issues with the coronary arteries responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle.

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27
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The cardiac muscle layer of the heart wall that relies on coronary arteries for its oxygen and nutrient supply.

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28
Q

What happens when a coronary artery is blocked?

A

The myocardial cells are deprived of oxygen, and the affected part of the myocardium starts to die, which is a critical event in coronary heart disease.

29
Q

What is the Medical Term for a Heart Attack?

A

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the medical name for a heart attack or coronary.

30
Q

What are the Symptoms of a Heart Attack? (7)

A

Recognize the following symptoms, and seek immediate medical attention:
Tight ache, heavy, squeezing pain, or discomfort in the chest
Chest pain radiating to the shoulder, arm, neck, back, or jaw
Anxiety
Sweating or cold, clammy skin
Nausea and vomiting
Shortness of breath
Dizziness, fainting, or loss of consciousness

31
Q

Describe the importance of seeking medical care for heart attack symptoms

A

Thousands of Canadians die of heart attacks because they delay seeking medical help. Women, in particular, tend to wait longer after a heart attack, often experiencing less painful symptoms, leading to delays in treatment.

32
Q

What is High Blood Pressure/Hypertension?

A

A condition where the pressure exerted by blood flowing through the arteries is higher than it should be, often due to constricted artery walls.

33
Q

What is Systolic Blood Pressure?

A

The higher of the two numbers in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure when the heart contracts.

34
Q

What is Diastolic Blood Pressure?

A

The lower of the two numbers in a blood pressure reading, representing the pressure between heart contractions.

35
Q

What is the Measurement Unit for Blood Pressure?

A

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) using a sphygmomanometer.

36
Q

What are Causes of Hypertension?

A

Hypertension can be essential (unknown cause) or linked to kidney abnormalities, blood vessel issues, or certain substances in the bloodstream.

37
Q

What are Effects of Hypertension on the Heart?

A

Description: Hypertension can lead to an enlarged left side of the heart and stiffer heart muscle, increasing the risk of cardiovascular problems.

38
Q

What are Risks Associated with Hypertension?

A

Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, coronary heart disease, vision problems, kidney disease, and other cardiovascular issues, especially when combined with obesity, smoking, high cholesterol, or diabetes.

39
Q

Describe the Prevalence of Hypertension in Canada

A

Approximately one in five Canadians has hypertension, with 40 percent of them unaware of their condition. The risk increases with age, and factors like sex and ethnicity also play a role.

40
Q

What is the Importance of Regular Blood Pressure Checks?

A

Physicians recommend annual blood pressure checks, as slightly elevated readings can be due to various factors, including nervousness, weather, or test variations.

41
Q

What is a Stroke?

A

A cerebrovascular accident that occurs when blood supply to a portion of the brain is blocked or when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, resulting in a sudden loss of brain function.

42
Q

Stroke Statistics in Canada

A

In Canada, about 6% of deaths each year can be attributed to strokes, making it the third leading cause of death. The economic burden of stroke in Canada is over $2.5 billion annually.

43
Q

Prevention of Strokes

A

Strokes can be prevented by managing key risk factors such as treating hypertension, not smoking, managing diabetes, lowering cholesterol, and taking aspirin.

44
Q

What are Types of Strokes?

A

There are two main types of strokes: ischemic stroke (caused by a blood clot blocking blood flow to the brain) and hemorrhagic stroke (caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain).

45
Q

What Causes of Ischemic Stroke?

A

Ischemic strokes can be caused by a thrombus (blood clot) blocking a brain artery (cerebral thrombosis) or a wandering blood clot (embolus) getting wedged in a cerebral artery (cerebral embolism).

46
Q

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

A TIA, often called a mini-stroke, is caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain, with symptoms similar to an ischemic stroke but usually short-lived. It is a warning sign of a higher risk of a full-blown stroke.

47
Q

What causes Hemorrhagic Stroke?

A

Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a diseased brain artery bleeds into the surrounding tissue, often due to hypertension, atherosclerosis, head injury, or the bursting of an aneurysm.

48
Q

Describe Stroke Effects

A

Brain tissue damage from stroke can result in difficulties with speech, walking, and memory, with effects varying in severity and permanence depending on the extent of damage.

49
Q

What are Stroke Warning Signs? (5)

A

Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg

Difficulty speaking or understanding

Vision problems

Sudden or severe headache

Loss of balance

50
Q

How do health professionals identify risk factors for heart disease and stroke?

A

Health professionals identify risk factors including lack of fruit and vegetable consumption, insufficient physical activity, obesity, smoking, and hypertension. Approximately 90% of Canadians have at least one risk factor, and four in ten Canadians have three or more. Positive lifestyle changes are the best way to protect your heart.

51
Q

Describe Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease

A

Ongoing research into alcohol and heart health continues, with many studies. Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, as shown by international research.

52
Q

What is Cholesterol and Plaque Formation

A

Cholesterol is a fatty substance found in foods and produced by the body. Blood cholesterol levels are reliable indicators of plaque formation in arteries. Lowering cholesterol through diet and exercise reduces the risk of a heart attack.

53
Q

Prevention of High Blood Pressure

A

Lifestyle changes are effective in preventing high blood pressure. For overweight individuals with high blood pressure, weight loss is the best approach. Exercise and reducing sodium intake also help. Some may require medications like beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers.

54
Q

Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease

A

Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of hypertension and atherosclerosis, elevating the likelihood of heart attack and stroke. Individuals at high risk for diabetes are also at increased risk of heart disease, even before developing diabetes.
Up to half of diabetics have hypertension, making cardiovascular disease the most common complication of diabetes, with over 80% of people with diabetes dying from heart or blood vessel diseases.

55
Q

Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X) and Cardiovascular Disease

A

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical abnormalities that increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Its likely causes include genetics, lack of exercise, and overeating. According to the National Institutes of Health, having three or more of the following symptoms indicates metabolic syndrome:
Waist measurement above specific thresholds (varies by gender and ethnicity)
Elevated triglyceride levels
Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
High blood pressure
Elevated fasting blood sugar levels

56
Q

Dietary Choices for a Healthy Heart

A

A balanced, low-saturated-fat diet with a variety of foods is the best recipe for a healthy heart. Regular physical activity is also essential to lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. Key dietary considerations include:

B Vitamins (B6, B12, and folic acid) help regulate homocysteine levels, reducing the risk of artery damage.

Saturated fats raise LDL cholesterol levels, contributing to plaque buildup in arteries.

A daily intake of soluble fiber (25-30 grams) helps lower blood cholesterol levels.

Omega-3 fatty acids in fish (salmon, mackerel, herring, trout, sardines) reduce blood stickiness.
Increased consumption of vegetables and fruits, rich in vitamins, fiber, and phytochemicals, lowers the risk of heart disease and stroke.

57
Q

What is the DASH diet?

A

The DASH Diet (Dietary Approaches to Stopping Hypertension) endorsed by the Heart and Stroke Foundation promotes fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy, whole grains, fish, poultry, legumes, nuts, and low sodium intake to reduce blood pressure.

58
Q

Aerobic Endurance Activities for Heart Health

A

Aerobic endurance activities are crucial for maintaining heart health.

59
Q

What is The Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology recommendation for aerobic activity?

A

Accumulating 150 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity per week, with activities added up in periods of at least 10 minutes each.

60
Q

Gender in relation to physical activity and heart disease

A

Active women have lower rates of coronary heart disease, and even half an hour of daily walking reduces their risk. For men, more rigorous exercise, such as running for an hour or more per week, provides greater protection against heart disease compared to brisk walking.

61
Q

Psychosocial Factors in Heart Health

A

Various psychological and social factors, including anger, hostility, depression, anxiety, stress, work characteristics, and social supports, can influence vulnerability to heart disease.

62
Q

Tobacco Smoke in Heart Health

A

Additionally, tobacco use and exposure to second-hand smoke are significant preventable risk factors. Smoking increases the risk of heart attacks, peripheral vascular disease, and other cardiovascular issues due to nicotine’s heart stimulation, carbon monoxide’s oxygen reduction, damage to coronary artery linings, increased blood clotting, and irreversible arterial damage even for ex-smokers.

63
Q

Weight and Heart Health

A

Individuals aged 18 to 64 who are overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) or obese (BMI greater than 30.0) are at risk of high blood pressure and diabetes, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

64
Q

Weightloss and Heart Health

A

Weight loss significantly reduces high blood pressure. Alarmingly, there is a growing obesity epidemic among Canadian children, leading to risks of heart disease, juvenile diabetes, and adult-onset diabetes in adulthood.

65
Q

Gender and Heart Disease/Stroke

A

More men of all ages die from heart disease and stroke, but the male-to-female ratio decreases with age.

66
Q

Women and Heart Disease/Stroke

A

Heart disease and stroke are the leading causes of hospitalization for women, excluding childbirth and pregnancy. Seven times as many women die from these diseases compared to breast cancer, making them major causes of death in women.

67
Q

What is Angioplasty Procedure?

A

Angioplasty is a surgical repair of an artery that has been clogged or obstructed. A flexible tube, called a catheter, is inserted through the patient’s groin area and guided to the blocked artery. A wire is moved through the catheter to the blocked area, and another catheter with a tiny balloon is pushed over the wire into the blocked area. The balloon is inflated, exerting pressure against the artery wall to open the artery. Sometimes, a wire mesh tube called a stent is placed in the damaged artery area to help keep the artery open.

68
Q

What is Coronary Bypass Surgery?

A

Coronary bypass surgery is a procedure to restore blood flow to the heart muscle. In this surgery, a healthy piece of artery from the patient’s leg, chest, arm, or abdomen is grafted onto a coronary artery. This graft creates an alternative pathway for blood flow, bypassing the blocked or narrowed section of the artery and improving blood supply to the heart muscle.

69
Q

What is the Treatment for Acute Myocardial Infarction?

A

Clot-dissolving drugs, known as thrombolytic agents, are the preferred treatment for acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) in most clinical settings. They are administered through a catheter inserted through the arteries to the blockage site (more effective) or intravenously (faster and cheaper). Thrombolytic agents can dissolve clots but do not remove underlying atherosclerotic plaque. Some patients may require additional procedures like angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery to reduce the risk of another heart attack or death.

HLST 200 AU Final (2 decks)

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