Risk factors

Question 1

Myocardial Ischaemia

Answer 1

Occluded vessels, platelets forming thrombus, vessel spasm, hypotension causing inadequate flow, HR, myocardial contractility, preload, afterload, O2 content of blood

Question 2

Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

Endothelial dysfunction, abnormal lipid metabolism, injury/inflammation of endothelial cell lining

Question 3

Heart Failure

Answer 3

HT, arteriosclerosis, cholesterol, smoking, diabetes

Question 4

Coronary heart disease

Answer 4

HT (endothelial damage), diabetes (hyperlipidaemia, HT, obesity, endothelium), hyperlipidaemia, smoking (Carson monoxide- endothelial damage, nicotine stimulates catecholamine release and increases BP, HR and myocardial O2 demand, Vaso constriction-reduced tissue perfusion, reduces HDL levels, increases platelet aggregation, increase thrombosis), obesity, physical inactivity ( exercise increases O2 to cardiac muscle and decrease O2 demand/workload), diet ( healthy is a protective factor), increased homocysteine levels (reduce folate levels), metabolic syndrome ( insulin resistance), premature menopause (HDL levels drop), oral contraceptive (oestrogen only- increase clotting risk)

Question 5

Hypertension

Answer 5

Age, race, genetics, mineral intake (high sodium/low calcium, magnesium and potassium)- vasodilation through reduced response to catecholamine and angiotensin 2, obesity, insulin resistance ( excess insulin circulating affects SNS-smooth muscle, renal regulation of sodium and water), excess alcohol, stress

Question 6

Peripheral vascular disease

Answer 6

Smoking, diabetes, HT, hypervoscosity, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity