Risk Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic vulnerability

A

Inherit a predisposition. Interaction of genes and environment. Won’t become addicted without exposure.

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2
Q

Genetic - D2

A

Genetically determined amount of D2 receptors. Fewer leads to issues experiencing pleasure from everyday, compensate with addictive substances or risky behaviors

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3
Q

Genetic - metabolism

A

Some break down substances faster than other more susceptible as may need more to feel same effect. Metabolic rate inherited.

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4
Q

Pianezza (1998)

A

People who lacked enzyme to metabolize nicotine properly (CYP2A6), less likely to smoke compared to those with functioning enzyme. CYP2A6 is genetically determined.

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5
Q

Kendler et al (2012)

A

National Swedish adoption study, adults adopted with biologically related addicts more likely to be addicted later compared to control group. Higher validity to genetic risk.

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6
Q

Correlational research

A

Cannot establish cause and effect, can only show link and not what came first. Lacks internal validity as cannot conclude what makes someone more at risk.

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7
Q

Define stress

A

State of physical and psychological arousal, individual believes they cannot cope with perceived threat

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8
Q

Stress as a risk

A

May turn to substances or behaviors in order to self medicate. Chronic stress and traumatic events in childhood linked with risk of addiction.

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9
Q

Anderson and Teicher (2008)

A

Early experiences of severe stress, damaging and can effect vulnerability to later stress. Future stress can trigger this - more likely to self-medicate.

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10
Q

Personality

A

Addictive personality: anti-social personality = high vulnerability as behavior or substance offers relief.

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11
Q

Addictive personality traits (Eysenck)

A

Neuroticism- high anxiety, low self-efficacy
Psychoticism- aggressive, impulsive and sometimes detached. Mayb engage in risk taking behavior

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12
Q

Eysenck and Gossops sample?

A

221 addicts
310 non-addicts

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13
Q

Eysenck’s study

A

Used persobality questionnaire, found high levels of psychoticism and neuroticism in addicts compared to CG. Supports role of personality + validity.

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14
Q

Family influences - approval

A

Parents show a positive attitude towards particular addictive substance/behavior
Makes more vulnerable to addiction.

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15
Q

Livingstone wet Al

A

Final year high school students who were allowed to drink by their parents were significantly more likely to drink excessively at college.

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16
Q

Lack of monitoring

A

Can lead to a higher risk of addiction.
Exposure within family life creates a risk due to the role of social learning theory.

17
Q

Madras et al (2019)

A

Found a strong positive correlation between kids who parents used cannabis with the use of cannabis,nicotine,alcohol and opioids. Kids may have perceived their parents as accepting.

18
Q

Peers

A

Peers act as gateways to addiction, can have more influence that parents as spend more time around them

19
Q

O’Connell et al (2009) alcohol addiction

A

1) attitudes and norms: associating with peers who drink (N&ISI)
2) opportunities: peers who provide opportunities, increased risk
3) perception: overestimate how much their peers drink & try to keep up.