Rising Nationalism in Europe

Question 1

Nationalism

Answer 1

the belief that one’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history. When a nation also has its own independent government, it becomes a nation-state

Question 2

National Interest

Answer 2

the cultural, economic, political, religious, or military goal of a nation

Question 3

Ripples of the Congress of Vienna

Answer 3

Countries were recovering from the Napoleonic Era:
● Monarchies wanted to return to the previous systems
to establish their powers.
● Citizens were challenging the systems that they lived
in
-Citizens wanted more power
● A “flavour” of rebellion was liting around Europe as the monarchs returned to their previous positions in society

Question 4

Revolutions of 1848 (Springtime of the Peoples)

Answer 4

Wave of revolutions that spread across Europe between 1848-1849
● Revolution/unrest in: the Italian states, the German states, France, Denmark, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and more…
● Most failed to bring down the monarchies, BUT it sowed discontent and revolutionary aspirations in the public

Question 5

Italy

Answer 5

After the Congress of Vienna (1815), the kingdoms of Italy were divided:
• Austria ruled Venetia and Lombardy (Northeast).
• The Spanish Bourbon Family ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• The Pope controlled the Papal States (under French protection since 1848).

Question 6

Leaders for Unification

Answer 6

Cavour
Mazzini
Garibaldi
Emmanuel II

Question 7

Giuseppe Mazzini

Answer 7

Formed a nationalist group known as “Young Italy” in 1832.
– He called for an end to foreign rule and the unification of Italy based on
the common language and culture of the people.
– The Italian nationalist movement was called the Risorgimento (“resurgence”)
– 1848: rebels failed and former rulers of Italian states drove Mazzini and other nationalist leaders into exile.

Question 8

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Answer 8

Leader of the Red Shirts (Italian nationalist group that gained control of Sicily in 1860).
– Unified the South and merged with North (under pressure)

Question 9

Camillo Benso di Cavour

Answer 9

Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia from 1852
– Used diplomacy and alliances to increase Piedmont-Sardinian power.
– Unified the North
– During tenure improved industrialization and wealth of Piedmont-Sardinia

Question 10

King Victor Emmanuel II

Answer 10

Monarch of Piedmont-Sardinia from 1849
- Appointed Cavour to position of Prime Minister and supported his ambitions of Italian unification
- Unbelievable facial hair

Question 11

Unification - 1859

Answer 11

An Agreement between Piedmont-Sardinia (Cavour) and France (Napoleon III) at Plombieres in 1858.
Napoleon III agreed to help drive Austria out of the northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
• In 1859, a combined French-Sardinian army won two quick victories against Austria.

Question 12

Unification - 1859

Answer 12

Victory over Austria awoke nationalist feelings among the states of Central Italy.
A plebiscite* held in 1860, determined the incorporation into the kingdom of Sardinia of the states of Parma, Modena and Tuscany.

Question 13

Unification and Intrigue - 1860

Answer 13

Secretly, Cavour was helping nationalist rebels in southern Italy.
• In 1860, a small army of Italian nationalists (the 1000 Red Shirts), led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, sailed from Genoa and aided the Sicilian revolts, forcing the Bourbon army out of Southern Italy.

Question 14

Unification and
Intrigue - 1860

Answer 14

After Garibaldi took complete control and became leader of Southern Italy the people voted in a second plebiscite to unite with the north.
•
*Garibaldi received an ultimatum from King Victor Emmanuel II – unify or go to war against us.

Question 15

King Emmanuel II,
First of His Name

Answer 15

In March 1861, a parliament of all of Italy except Rome and Venetia, agreed on unifying Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as its first king.
→ Turin was the first capital, 1861

Question 16

Cleaning Up

Answer 16

Despite Italian victories in Venetia, the territory remained in Austrian control until an Italian annexation in 1866
Similarly, Italy did not gain control of Rome from the Catholic church until 1870, the final act of Italian unification
● Rome became the capital of Italy 1 year later in 1871

Question 17

Formation of Government

Answer 17

The Kingdom of Italy became a Parliamentary Monarchy under King Emmanuel II
- Neither radical nor fully democratic
- Just over 2% of the population could vote

Question 18

Challenges of Unification

Answer 18

• Tension between the industrial north and agricultural south.
• Different ways of life pushed together
• Different dialects of Italian throughout the new nation
• Disorganized political parties created an unstable parliament.
• Strikes and riots in the south.
Italy entered the 20th century as a poor country.