Rise of the Dictators Unit Flashcards
Who started the Nationalist Socialist Party?
Anton Drexler
What was the symbol adopted by the Nazis?
the Schwarzigger
Which region of Germany was invaded by France and Belgium?
the Ruhr
How many men were permitted in the German army after the Treaty of Versailles?
100,000
Who was the head of the SA?
Ernst Röhm
When was the Beer Hall Putsch?
1923
What was the name of Hitler’s book?
‘Mein Kampf’ or ‘My Struggles’
On what day was Hitler made Chancellor?
30th January 1933
Who was the President while Hitler was Chancellor?
General Paul von Hindenburg
How many men were in the SA in 1933?
2.5 million
What was the nationality of the arsonist who started the Reichstag Fire?
Dutch
What was the name of the article that allowed emergency powers to be taken by the President?
Article 48
Which party was made illegal after the Reichstag Fire?
Communist party
What name is given to the event where Hitler wiped out his own forces?
Night of the Long Knives
What legal change to the constitution gave Hitler power?
The Enabling Act
Which country was under a military dictatorship?
Japan
Who was the Nazi minister for propaganda?
Joseph Goebbels
How many peace treaties ended WWI?
5
What is the meaning of “Lebensraum”?
Living room i.e. space
Who was the dictator in Russia?
Joseph Stalin
Which three elements were common to all of the treaties that ended WWI?
Reparations, armed forces limitations, territory loss
Who wrote the 14 points?
Woodrow Wilson
Who was the first dictator to assume power?
Mussolini
What day did Hitler declare himself Führer?
2nd August 1934
What did the “SA” stand for?
Sturmarbeiters, or storm troopers
The Beer Hall Putsch made Hitler realise that he needed which two elements to rise to power?
Army, legal means
What was the purpose of the Dawes plan?
To restore the German economy
Which general headed up Japan’s military dictatorship?
Tojo
Which countries made up the ‘Big Four’ in peace treaty negotiations?
France, America, Britain, (Italy)
When was the invasion of the Ruhr?
1923
What were the three principles of Nazi ideology?
Space, race, and the Hitler Myth
The Weimar Government was impacted by which economic crises?
Reparations from Versailles, hyperinflation, the Great Depression
In what year was Hitler beaten in a presidential election?
1932
How long was Hitler’s prison sentence, and how long did he serve?
5 years, served 9 months
What is ‘autarky’?
Economic independence or self-sufficiency
Which Nazi leader ran the Gestapo?
Goring
What were two means of legal control that Hitler established over the German people?
People’s courts, the Enabling Act, the Gestapo
What was the original purpose of the SS?
A personal guard for Hitler
When was the interwar period?
1918-1939
What is authoritarianism?
A form of government which restricts personal freedoms under absolute obedience to a strong central government or ruler
What is collective security?
The theory designed to keep peace after WWI underpinning the League of Nations, that countries would come to each others’ aid when attacked
What is constitutional monarchy?
Government where monarch remains head of state within the bounds of the constitution and parliament
What is internationalism?
The idea of greater political and economic cooperation across nations with the goal of maintaining global peace and security.
Nationalism
The strong promotion of a belief in a nation’s interests, placing it as superior to others.
Totalitarianism
Total power and authority centralised under one government or leader, requiring complete subordination of the population.
Transnationalism
The study of economic, political, and cultural processes that happen across and beyond national boundaries e.g. comparing dictatorships
Anschluss
The event in 1938 which incorporated the entirety of Austria into Nazi Germany
Anti-Semitism
Discrimination and prejudice against Jewish people
Aryan
The race that the Nazi saw as superior, generally consisting of those with northern European appearance
Autarky
The concept of economic self-sufficiency
‘Final Solution’
term given to the Holocaust - systematic extermination of the Jews
Who were the Gestapo?
The Nazi secret police
What was ‘Gleichschaltung’?
The name given to the process of ‘Nazify-ing’ Germany in all areas of life
Kristallnacht
‘Night of the Broken Glass’ - an event on the 9-10 November 1938 where the government supported the pillaging of Jewish businesses and synagogues
What was the name of the Nazi air force?
Luftwaffe
What was the name of Hitler’s book?
Mein Kampf
What was the German parliament called?
Reichstag
Who were the SA?
Known as the brown shirts, the private Nazi army used as a tool of public intimidation
SS
The Schutzstaffel, Hitler’s personal guard which developed into the Nazi police force
‘Volksgemeinschaft’
The concept of a racially pure German population united against enemies.
What was the name given to the German army during WWII?
Wehrmacht
What was the name of the government which preceded the Nazis?
Weimar Republic
Which party overthrew the Tsarist government in Russia?
The Bolshevik Party
Who were the Mensheviks?
A competing civil party to the Bolsheviks who lost a civil war to them after WWI
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
Fought in 1905 between Russia and Japan over Manchuria; Japan won
What is a Soviet?
A small communist council
Abyssinia
A North-African region in modern-day Ethiopia which Mussolini invaded in 1935
Who were the black shirts?
Mussolini’s domestic paramilitary group consisting of armed squads
What is a corporate state?
Mussolini’s class-based system of government, where all members of society were organised into ‘corporations; subordinate to the state
Il Duce?
Meant ‘the leader’, used to refer to Mussolini
What were the conditions that allowed the dictators to rise in the interwar period?
- Pre-war conditions
- WWI
- Post-war struggle between ideologies
- The Great Depression
Between which ideologies did the post-war struggle occur?
Fascism, communism, liberal democracy
What were the three geographical changes that resulted from the treaties that ended WWI?
Empires collapsed, new countries formed, boundaries redrawn
What was one empire that collapsed after WWI
Ottoman empire
What was one nation that was formed after WWI?
Czechoslovakia
What was one boundary which was redrawn after WWI?
Germany losing East Prussia
How did the Great War assist the rise of the dictators?
Acceleration of change
When was the Wall Street Crash?
October 1929
How did the Great Depression impact the rise of the dictators?
extreme economic hardship when USA called in loans; exacerbated lack of trust in liberal democracy
What were four features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Germany, Italy, and Japan?
- Indoctrination of the young
- Propaganda
- Secret police
- Extreme nationalism/militarism
What were the names of some dictatorial youth organisations?
Germany - Hitler Youth
Russia - Komsomol
Italy - Balilla Italian Fascist Youth Movement
How was propaganda used to portray the dictators positively?
- Tojo in dress uniform, magazine cover (Japan)
- ‘Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer’ (Germany)
How was propaganda used by the dictators to portray their opponents negatively?
- Jews depicted as monstrous (Germany)
- Churchill in a robber’s mask (Italy)
What was the name of the German secret police?
Gestapo
What was the name of the Russian secret police?
NKVD
What was the name of the Japanese secret police?
Kempeitai
What was the name of the Italian secret police?
OVRA
Which four factors caused the rise of the Nazi party and Hitler in Germany and the fall of the Weimar Republic?
- Economic
- Social
- Political
- Hitler as leader (optional)
What economic factors contributed to Hitler’s rise and the Weimar Republic’s fall?
- failure to pay reparations
- Ruhr invasion
- hyperinflation
- The Great Depression
What was the sum of Germany’s reparations after WWI?
6.6 billion Euros
When did France and Belgium invade the Ruhr?
January 1923
When did hyperinflation occur in Germany?
1923
When was the Great Depression?
1929
What social factors contributed to Hitler’s rise and the Weimar Republic’s fall?
- nationalism crushed by WWI
- blame - war guilt clause
- anger at Weimar Republic
What number was the war guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles?
231
What political factors contributed to Hitler’s rise and the Weimar Republic’s fall?
- idea that liberal democracy had failed
- dishevelled Reichstag
- extremist groups
What extremist groups rose up after WWI?
Communist and fascist
What aspects of Hitler’s leadership contributed to Hitler’s rise and the Weimar Republic’s fall?
- Beer Hall Putsch
- Cult of Personality
When was the Beer Hall Putsch?
1923
What did Hitler realise that he needed to do after the Beer Hall Putsch?
- keep the army on side
- gain power through legal means
How did Hitler keep the army on side?
Night of the Long Knives
How did Hitler gain power through legal means?
Chancellor, Enabling Act
What were the steps to the Nazi consolidation of power 1933-34?
- Hitler becomes chancellor
- Reichstag fire
- Enabling Act
- Night of the Long Knives
- Hitler becomes Führer
When did Hitler becomes Chancellor?
30 January 1933
When was the Reichstag fire?
February 1933
Which party was made illegal after the Reichstag fire?
KPD (Communist Party)
When was the Enabling Act passed?
23 March 1933
When was the Night of the Long Knives?
30 June-2 July 1934
How many people were murdered by the SS during the Knight of the Long Knives?
150
What date did Hitler become Führer?
2 August 1934
What were the three elements of Nazi ideology?
- Race
- Space
- The Hitler myth
What were the two aspects of ‘race’ in Nazi ideology?
- Jewish inferiority
- Aryan superiority
What were the two aspects of ‘space’ in Nazi ideology?
- Winning back the land lost in Versailles e.g. East Prussia
- Further expansion (Lebensraum)
What was the Hitler myth and how was it enforced? What did it do?
The idea that Hitler was a god-like deity come to save Germany; propaganda; made Hitler untouchable/above criticism as a leader
Name 4 prominent individuals in the Nazi state
- Joseph Goebbels
- Hermann Goering
- Heinrich Himmler
- Albert Speer
What was the role of Joseph Goebbels?
Minister for propaganda and enlightenment
What was the role of Hermann Goering
Head of German Air Force, highly decorated fighter pilot, involved in the Beer Hall Putsch
What was the role of Heinrich Himmler?
Head of the SS, carried out Night of the Long Knives, set up death camps for the “final solution”
What was the role of Albert Speer?
Nazi architect, Minister for Armaments and War Production, set up conscription and slave labour, had plans to redesign the whole of Berlin for Hitler
What were the methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control?
- Laws
- Propaganda and Censorship
- Cult of Personality
- Terror and Repression
What laws were used by the Nazi regime to exercise control?
- Reichstag Fire Decree
- Enabling Act
- Nuremburg Laws
When were the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act?
1933
When were the Nuremburg Laws?
1935
What is an example of propaganda in Nazi Germany?
Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Führer
What is an example of censorship in Nazi Germany?
1933 Book Burning
When was the book burning in Germany?
1933
What is an example of Hitler’s charisma/oration?
speech at Nuremburg
What terror and repression was used by the Nazi regime to exercise control?
- SS
- Gestapo
- Concentration Camps
- Informers/people’s courts
What was the SS?
Originally Hitler’s personal bodygaurds, ultimately enforced his racial policies
What was the Gestapo?
Nazi secret police - could invade people’s privacy and jail people without trial (above the law)
What were the people’s courts?
Accused was always found guilty, televised for entertainment
Which groups were particularly impacted under Nazi control?
- minorities
- workers
- youth
- women
- religion
- cultural expression
How were minorities impacted?
Marked out and discriminated against, had businesses destroyed, eventually sent to concentration/death camps
How were youth impacted?
Indoctrinated into the Hitler Youth program - many dobbed in their parents and were congratulated as ‘children of the Führer’
How were workers impacted?
They were essential to Hitler’s new ‘self-sufficient’ Germany, poor working conditions and unrealistic expectations but paid holidays as bribery
How were women impacted?
Forced to stay in the home, reared from childhood to become mothers
How was religion impacted?
The Catholic Church signed a Concordance with Hitler in 1933, but were attacked by him anyway. Crucibles replaced with portraits of Hitler
Which groups offered opposition to the Nazi regime?
- Youth Groups
- Churches
- Socialists and Communists
- German military
Which youth groups opposed the German regime?
Edelweiss pirates, White Rose Group
How did the Edelweiss pirates oppose the Nazi regime?
attacked Nazi officials and hid deserters from the army
How to the White Rose Group oppose the Nazis?
distributed anti-Nazi leaflets - brother and sister Hans and Sophie Scholl
Which church publicly opposed Nazism?
the Confessional Church
Which political parties were banned but continued to operate underground and oppose Nazism?
Social Democrats, Communists
In what ways did the German military oppose Hitler?
Tried to plan a coup led by General Beck to overthrow Hitler.
What ambitions did Germany and Japan share?
- Desire to expand and get more land
- Feeling of racial superiority (saviours of their respective regions)
What motivated Japanese expansion?
- rejection at the Treaty of Versailles
- perceived threat from USSR and China
- Growing nationalism and militarism
- economic need
What was Japan seeking freedom from?
Western Imperialist domination
What principle was the League of Nations based on?
Collective security
In what ways was the League of Nations weak?
- US did not join
- did not have its own armed forces
- nations frequently ignored it
- the Great Depression led nations to prioritise their national interests over collective security
When was the League of Nations established?
January 1920
When was the UN formed?
1945
What were the goals of the UN
- maintain global security
- prevent war
- improve global welfare
When was the Paris Peace Conference? How many countries had delegates attending?
January 1919-1923; 32
Treaty of Versailles?
signed by Germany in 1919:
B: blame, war guilt clause
R: reparations; 33 billion Euros to France
A: army - less than 100,000 men
T: territory; lost East Prussia, Rhineland demilitarised, give up colonies
Treaty of St Germain?
Austria, 1919
Treaty of Neuilly?
Bulgaria, 1919
Treaty of Trianon?
Hungary, 1920
Treaty of Sevres?
Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 1920
What countries became independent after the WW1 Treaties?
Poland, Czechoslovakia
When did Japan invade Machuria?
1931
When did Japan attack Pearl Harbour?
1941
How many Jews were killed in concentration camps by 1945?
over 6 million
