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Modern History > Rise of the Dictators Unit > Flashcards

Rise of the Dictators Unit Flashcards

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1
Q

Who started the Nationalist Socialist Party?

A

Anton Drexler

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2
Q

What was the symbol adopted by the Nazis?

A

the Schwarzigger

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3
Q

Which region of Germany was invaded by France and Belgium?

A

the Ruhr

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4
Q

How many men were permitted in the German army after the Treaty of Versailles?

A

100,000

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5
Q

Who was the head of the SA?

A

Ernst Röhm

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6
Q

When was the Beer Hall Putsch?

A

1923

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7
Q

What was the name of Hitler’s book?

A

‘Mein Kampf’ or ‘My Struggles’

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8
Q

On what day was Hitler made Chancellor?

A

30th January 1933

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9
Q

Who was the President while Hitler was Chancellor?

A

General Paul von Hindenburg

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10
Q

How many men were in the SA in 1933?

A

2.5 million

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11
Q

What was the nationality of the arsonist who started the Reichstag Fire?

A

Dutch

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12
Q

What was the name of the article that allowed emergency powers to be taken by the President?

A

Article 48

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13
Q

Which party was made illegal after the Reichstag Fire?

A

Communist party

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14
Q

What name is given to the event where Hitler wiped out his own forces?

A

Night of the Long Knives

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15
Q

What legal change to the constitution gave Hitler power?

A

The Enabling Act

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16
Q

Which country was under a military dictatorship?

A

Japan

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17
Q

Who was the Nazi minister for propaganda?

A

Joseph Goebbels

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18
Q

How many peace treaties ended WWI?

A

5

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19
Q

What is the meaning of “Lebensraum”?

A

Living room i.e. space

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20
Q

Who was the dictator in Russia?

A

Joseph Stalin

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21
Q

Which three elements were common to all of the treaties that ended WWI?

A

Reparations, armed forces limitations, territory loss

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22
Q

Who wrote the 14 points?

A

Woodrow Wilson

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23
Q

Who was the first dictator to assume power?

A

Mussolini

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24
Q

What day did Hitler declare himself Führer?

A

2nd August 1934

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25
Q

What did the “SA” stand for?

A

Sturmarbeiters, or storm troopers

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26
Q

The Beer Hall Putsch made Hitler realise that he needed which two elements to rise to power?

A

Army, legal means

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27
Q

What was the purpose of the Dawes plan?

A

To restore the German economy

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28
Q

Which general headed up Japan’s military dictatorship?

A

Tojo

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29
Q

Which countries made up the ‘Big Four’ in peace treaty negotiations?

A

France, America, Britain, (Italy)

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30
Q

When was the invasion of the Ruhr?

A

1923

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31
Q

What were the three principles of Nazi ideology?

A

Space, race, and the Hitler Myth

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32
Q

The Weimar Government was impacted by which economic crises?

A

Reparations from Versailles, hyperinflation, the Great Depression

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33
Q

In what year was Hitler beaten in a presidential election?

A

1932

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34
Q

How long was Hitler’s prison sentence, and how long did he serve?

A

5 years, served 9 months

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35
Q

What is ‘autarky’?

A

Economic independence or self-sufficiency

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36
Q

Which Nazi leader ran the Gestapo?

A

Goring

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37
Q

What were two means of legal control that Hitler established over the German people?

A

People’s courts, the Enabling Act, the Gestapo

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38
Q

What was the original purpose of the SS?

A

A personal guard for Hitler

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39
Q

When was the interwar period?

A

1918-1939

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40
Q

What is authoritarianism?

A

A form of government which restricts personal freedoms under absolute obedience to a strong central government or ruler

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41
Q

What is collective security?

A

The theory designed to keep peace after WWI underpinning the League of Nations, that countries would come to each others’ aid when attacked

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42
Q

What is constitutional monarchy?

A

Government where monarch remains head of state within the bounds of the constitution and parliament

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43
Q

What is internationalism?

A

The idea of greater political and economic cooperation across nations with the goal of maintaining global peace and security.

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44
Q

Nationalism

A

The strong promotion of a belief in a nation’s interests, placing it as superior to others.

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45
Q

Totalitarianism

A

Total power and authority centralised under one government or leader, requiring complete subordination of the population.

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46
Q

Transnationalism

A

The study of economic, political, and cultural processes that happen across and beyond national boundaries e.g. comparing dictatorships

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47
Q

Anschluss

A

The event in 1938 which incorporated the entirety of Austria into Nazi Germany

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48
Q

Anti-Semitism

A

Discrimination and prejudice against Jewish people

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49
Q

Aryan

A

The race that the Nazi saw as superior, generally consisting of those with northern European appearance

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50
Q

Autarky

A

The concept of economic self-sufficiency

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51
Q

‘Final Solution’

A

term given to the Holocaust - systematic extermination of the Jews

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52
Q

Who were the Gestapo?

A

The Nazi secret police

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53
Q

What was ‘Gleichschaltung’?

A

The name given to the process of ‘Nazify-ing’ Germany in all areas of life

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54
Q

Kristallnacht

A

‘Night of the Broken Glass’ - an event on the 9-10 November 1938 where the government supported the pillaging of Jewish businesses and synagogues

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55
Q

What was the name of the Nazi air force?

A

Luftwaffe

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56
Q

What was the name of Hitler’s book?

A

Mein Kampf

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57
Q

What was the German parliament called?

A

Reichstag

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58
Q

Who were the SA?

A

Known as the brown shirts, the private Nazi army used as a tool of public intimidation

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59
Q

SS

A

The Schutzstaffel, Hitler’s personal guard which developed into the Nazi police force

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60
Q

‘Volksgemeinschaft’

A

The concept of a racially pure German population united against enemies.

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61
Q

What was the name given to the German army during WWII?

A

Wehrmacht

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62
Q

What was the name of the government which preceded the Nazis?

A

Weimar Republic

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63
Q

Which party overthrew the Tsarist government in Russia?

A

The Bolshevik Party

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64
Q

Who were the Mensheviks?

A

A competing civil party to the Bolsheviks who lost a civil war to them after WWI

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65
Q

What was the Russo-Japanese War?

A

Fought in 1905 between Russia and Japan over Manchuria; Japan won

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66
Q

What is a Soviet?

A

A small communist council

67
Q

Abyssinia

A

A North-African region in modern-day Ethiopia which Mussolini invaded in 1935

68
Q

Who were the black shirts?

A

Mussolini’s domestic paramilitary group consisting of armed squads

69
Q

What is a corporate state?

A

Mussolini’s class-based system of government, where all members of society were organised into ‘corporations; subordinate to the state

70
Q

Il Duce?

A

Meant ‘the leader’, used to refer to Mussolini

71
Q

What were the conditions that allowed the dictators to rise in the interwar period?

A
  1. Pre-war conditions
  2. WWI
  3. Post-war struggle between ideologies
  4. The Great Depression
72
Q

Between which ideologies did the post-war struggle occur?

A

Fascism, communism, liberal democracy

73
Q

What were the three geographical changes that resulted from the treaties that ended WWI?

A

Empires collapsed, new countries formed, boundaries redrawn

74
Q

What was one empire that collapsed after WWI

A

Ottoman empire

75
Q

What was one nation that was formed after WWI?

A

Czechoslovakia

76
Q

What was one boundary which was redrawn after WWI?

A

Germany losing East Prussia

77
Q

How did the Great War assist the rise of the dictators?

A

Acceleration of change

78
Q

When was the Wall Street Crash?

A

October 1929

79
Q

How did the Great Depression impact the rise of the dictators?

A

extreme economic hardship when USA called in loans; exacerbated lack of trust in liberal democracy

80
Q

What were four features of the dictatorships that emerged in Russia, Germany, Italy, and Japan?

A
  1. Indoctrination of the young
  2. Propaganda
  3. Secret police
  4. Extreme nationalism/militarism
81
Q

What were the names of some dictatorial youth organisations?

A

Germany - Hitler Youth
Russia - Komsomol
Italy - Balilla Italian Fascist Youth Movement

82
Q

How was propaganda used to portray the dictators positively?

A
  • Tojo in dress uniform, magazine cover (Japan)
  • ‘Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer’ (Germany)
83
Q

How was propaganda used by the dictators to portray their opponents negatively?

A
  • Jews depicted as monstrous (Germany)
  • Churchill in a robber’s mask (Italy)
84
Q

What was the name of the German secret police?

A

Gestapo

85
Q

What was the name of the Russian secret police?

A

NKVD

86
Q

What was the name of the Japanese secret police?

A

Kempeitai

87
Q

What was the name of the Italian secret police?

A

OVRA

88
Q

Which four factors caused the rise of the Nazi party and Hitler in Germany and the fall of the Weimar Republic?

A
  1. Economic
  2. Social
  3. Political
  4. Hitler as leader (optional)
89
Q

What economic factors contributed to Hitler’s rise and the Weimar Republic’s fall?

A
  • failure to pay reparations
  • Ruhr invasion
  • hyperinflation
  • The Great Depression
90
Q

What was the sum of Germany’s reparations after WWI?

A

6.6 billion Euros

91
Q

When did France and Belgium invade the Ruhr?

A

January 1923

92
Q

When did hyperinflation occur in Germany?

A

1923

93
Q

When was the Great Depression?

A

1929

94
Q

What social factors contributed to Hitler’s rise and the Weimar Republic’s fall?

A
  • nationalism crushed by WWI
  • blame - war guilt clause
  • anger at Weimar Republic
95
Q

What number was the war guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles?

A

231

96
Q

What political factors contributed to Hitler’s rise and the Weimar Republic’s fall?

A
  • idea that liberal democracy had failed
  • dishevelled Reichstag
  • extremist groups
97
Q

What extremist groups rose up after WWI?

A

Communist and fascist

98
Q

What aspects of Hitler’s leadership contributed to Hitler’s rise and the Weimar Republic’s fall?

A
  • Beer Hall Putsch
  • Cult of Personality
99
Q

When was the Beer Hall Putsch?

A

1923

100
Q

What did Hitler realise that he needed to do after the Beer Hall Putsch?

A
  • keep the army on side
  • gain power through legal means
101
Q

How did Hitler keep the army on side?

A

Night of the Long Knives

102
Q

How did Hitler gain power through legal means?

A

Chancellor, Enabling Act

103
Q

What were the steps to the Nazi consolidation of power 1933-34?

A
  1. Hitler becomes chancellor
  2. Reichstag fire
  3. Enabling Act
  4. Night of the Long Knives
  5. Hitler becomes Führer
104
Q

When did Hitler becomes Chancellor?

A

30 January 1933

105
Q

When was the Reichstag fire?

A

February 1933

106
Q

Which party was made illegal after the Reichstag fire?

A

KPD (Communist Party)

107
Q

When was the Enabling Act passed?

A

23 March 1933

108
Q

When was the Night of the Long Knives?

A

30 June-2 July 1934

109
Q

How many people were murdered by the SS during the Knight of the Long Knives?

A

150

110
Q

What date did Hitler become Führer?

A

2 August 1934

111
Q

What were the three elements of Nazi ideology?

A
  1. Race
  2. Space
  3. The Hitler myth
112
Q

What were the two aspects of ‘race’ in Nazi ideology?

A
  1. Jewish inferiority
  2. Aryan superiority
113
Q

What were the two aspects of ‘space’ in Nazi ideology?

A
  1. Winning back the land lost in Versailles e.g. East Prussia
  2. Further expansion (Lebensraum)
114
Q

What was the Hitler myth and how was it enforced? What did it do?

A

The idea that Hitler was a god-like deity come to save Germany; propaganda; made Hitler untouchable/above criticism as a leader

115
Q

Name 4 prominent individuals in the Nazi state

A
  1. Joseph Goebbels
  2. Hermann Goering
  3. Heinrich Himmler
  4. Albert Speer
116
Q

What was the role of Joseph Goebbels?

A

Minister for propaganda and enlightenment

117
Q

What was the role of Hermann Goering

A

Head of German Air Force, highly decorated fighter pilot, involved in the Beer Hall Putsch

118
Q

What was the role of Heinrich Himmler?

A

Head of the SS, carried out Night of the Long Knives, set up death camps for the “final solution”

119
Q

What was the role of Albert Speer?

A

Nazi architect, Minister for Armaments and War Production, set up conscription and slave labour, had plans to redesign the whole of Berlin for Hitler

120
Q

What were the methods used by the Nazi regime to exercise control?

A
  1. Laws
  2. Propaganda and Censorship
  3. Cult of Personality
  4. Terror and Repression
121
Q

What laws were used by the Nazi regime to exercise control?

A
  • Reichstag Fire Decree
  • Enabling Act
  • Nuremburg Laws
122
Q

When were the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act?

A

1933

123
Q

When were the Nuremburg Laws?

A

1935

124
Q

What is an example of propaganda in Nazi Germany?

A

Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Führer

125
Q

What is an example of censorship in Nazi Germany?

A

1933 Book Burning

126
Q

When was the book burning in Germany?

A

1933

127
Q

What is an example of Hitler’s charisma/oration?

A

speech at Nuremburg

128
Q

What terror and repression was used by the Nazi regime to exercise control?

A
  • SS
  • Gestapo
  • Concentration Camps
  • Informers/people’s courts
129
Q

What was the SS?

A

Originally Hitler’s personal bodygaurds, ultimately enforced his racial policies

130
Q

What was the Gestapo?

A

Nazi secret police - could invade people’s privacy and jail people without trial (above the law)

131
Q

What were the people’s courts?

A

Accused was always found guilty, televised for entertainment

132
Q

Which groups were particularly impacted under Nazi control?

A
  • minorities
  • workers
  • youth
  • women
  • religion
  • cultural expression
133
Q

How were minorities impacted?

A

Marked out and discriminated against, had businesses destroyed, eventually sent to concentration/death camps

134
Q

How were youth impacted?

A

Indoctrinated into the Hitler Youth program - many dobbed in their parents and were congratulated as ‘children of the Führer’

135
Q

How were workers impacted?

A

They were essential to Hitler’s new ‘self-sufficient’ Germany, poor working conditions and unrealistic expectations but paid holidays as bribery

136
Q

How were women impacted?

A

Forced to stay in the home, reared from childhood to become mothers

137
Q

How was religion impacted?

A

The Catholic Church signed a Concordance with Hitler in 1933, but were attacked by him anyway. Crucibles replaced with portraits of Hitler

138
Q

Which groups offered opposition to the Nazi regime?

A
  1. Youth Groups
  2. Churches
  3. Socialists and Communists
  4. German military
139
Q

Which youth groups opposed the German regime?

A

Edelweiss pirates, White Rose Group

140
Q

How did the Edelweiss pirates oppose the Nazi regime?

A

attacked Nazi officials and hid deserters from the army

141
Q

How to the White Rose Group oppose the Nazis?

A

distributed anti-Nazi leaflets - brother and sister Hans and Sophie Scholl

142
Q

Which church publicly opposed Nazism?

A

the Confessional Church

143
Q

Which political parties were banned but continued to operate underground and oppose Nazism?

A

Social Democrats, Communists

144
Q

In what ways did the German military oppose Hitler?

A

Tried to plan a coup led by General Beck to overthrow Hitler.

145
Q

What ambitions did Germany and Japan share?

A
  1. Desire to expand and get more land
  2. Feeling of racial superiority (saviours of their respective regions)
146
Q

What motivated Japanese expansion?

A
  • rejection at the Treaty of Versailles
  • perceived threat from USSR and China
  • Growing nationalism and militarism
  • economic need
147
Q

What was Japan seeking freedom from?

A

Western Imperialist domination

148
Q

What principle was the League of Nations based on?

A

Collective security

149
Q

In what ways was the League of Nations weak?

A
  • US did not join
  • did not have its own armed forces
  • nations frequently ignored it
  • the Great Depression led nations to prioritise their national interests over collective security
150
Q

When was the League of Nations established?

A

January 1920

151
Q

When was the UN formed?

A

1945

152
Q

What were the goals of the UN

A
  • maintain global security
  • prevent war
  • improve global welfare
153
Q

When was the Paris Peace Conference? How many countries had delegates attending?

A

January 1919-1923; 32

154
Q

Treaty of Versailles?

A

signed by Germany in 1919:
B: blame, war guilt clause
R: reparations; 33 billion Euros to France
A: army - less than 100,000 men
T: territory; lost East Prussia, Rhineland demilitarised, give up colonies

155
Q

Treaty of St Germain?

A

Austria, 1919

156
Q

Treaty of Neuilly?

A

Bulgaria, 1919

157
Q

Treaty of Trianon?

A

Hungary, 1920

158
Q

Treaty of Sevres?

A

Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 1920

159
Q

What countries became independent after the WW1 Treaties?

A

Poland, Czechoslovakia

160
Q

When did Japan invade Machuria?

A

1931

161
Q

When did Japan attack Pearl Harbour?

A

1941

162
Q

How many Jews were killed in concentration camps by 1945?

A

over 6 million

163
Q
A

Modern History (3 decks)

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