RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Question 1

Nation-State

Answer 1

is a political entity characterized by a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the ability to enter into relations with other states. It is also defined by a shared sense of identity and common history among its citizens.

Question 2

Nationalism

Answer 2

is an ideological movement that emphasizes the interests, culture, and identity of a nation, often in opposition to foreign influence or control. It advocates for the unity and sovereignty of a nation and can lead to the formation of nation-states.

Question 3

Absolutism

Answer 3

is a political system in which a single ruler holds all the power and authority, with no checks or balances from other institutions or governing bodies. This often involves centralized control and the lack of political or social freedoms for the population.

Question 4

Revolutionary Tricolour

Answer 4

Is a flag that consists of three vertical stripes in blue, white, and red. It was adopted during the French Revolution and symbolizes the values of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Question 5

Democratic Republic

Answer 5

is a form of government in which the country is considered a public matter, and the head of state is elected by the people or their representatives. It combines elements of democracy and republicanism.

Question 6

French Revolution (1789)

Answer 6

was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 to 1799. It led to the end of absolute monarchy, the rise of the Republic, and significant changes in French society and governance, including the introduction of new laws and a unified national identity.

Question 7

National Assembly

Answer 7

was a revolutionary legislative body formed in France in 1789, representing the common people and replacing the Estates General. It played a key role in the French Revolution by enacting laws and reforms.

Question 8

Napoleonic Code

Answer 8

established in 1804, was a comprehensive set of laws introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte. It abolished feudal privileges, established legal equality for all citizens, and protected property rights, serving as a model for legal systems in many other countries.

Question 9

Feudal System

Answer 9

was a social and economic structure prevalent in medieval Europe, characterized by a hierarchy of lords, vassals, and serfs. It involved land ownership and obligations that bound peasants to the land and their lords.

Question 10

Serfdom

Answer 10

was a condition of semi-slavery in which peasants were bound to the land and subject to the authority of landowners. They had limited personal freedom and were required to provide labor or other services to their lords.

Question 11

Guild Restrictions

Answer 11

were regulations imposed by trade guilds that controlled the practices, standards, and membership within specific trades or professions. These restrictions often limited competition and innovation.

Question 12

Landed Aristocracy

Answer 12

A social and political class in Europe that was dominant in the continent. Members of this class owned large estates in the countryside and town-houses, spoke French for diplomacy and high society, and were connected by marriage. They were numerically small compared to the peasantry.

Question 13

Peasantry

Answer 13

The majority of the population in pre-industrial Europe who worked the land. In Western Europe, they were often tenants or small landowners, while in Eastern and Central Europe, landholding was characterized by large estates worked by serfs.

Question 14

Serfs

Answer 14

Agricultural laborers in Eastern and Central Europe who were legally bound to work on a lord’s estate. They had limited rights and were considered part of the estate.

Question 15

Middle Class

Answer 15

A social class that grew with industrialisation, including industrialists, businessmen, and professionals. They were characterized by their role in commerce and industry, and their influence increased with economic growth.

Question 16

National Unity

Answer 16

The idea of uniting people of a nation under a common identity and purpose, often following the abolition of aristocratic privileges. This concept gained popularity among educated, liberal middle classes in Europe during the 19th century.

Question 17

Customs Union (Zollverein)

Answer 17

was an economic agreement formed in 1834 among German states, initiated by Prussia. It aimed to create a unified economic area by abolishing internal tariff barriers and reducing the number of currencies. This facilitated the free movement of goods, people, and capital, thus promoting economic integration and growth within the German-speaking regions.

Question 18

Plebiscite

Answer 18

A direct vote by which the people of a region, themselves decide to accept or reject a proposal.

Question 19

Economic Nationalism

Answer 19

Economic nationalism is a policy and ideology that emphasizes the protection and promotion of a nation’s economic interests. It often involves advocating for the removal of trade barriers and restrictions to facilitate the free flow of goods, capital, and labor within a country or economic region. During the 19th century, economic nationalism contributed to the push for national unification by integrating fragmented economic areas.

Question 20

Conservatism

Answer 20

Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that advocates for the preservation of traditional institutions, such as the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property, and the family. It supports gradual change rather than abrupt shifts, emphasizing stability and continuity.

Question 21

Congress of Vienna

Answer 21

The Congress of Vienna was a diplomatic meeting held in 1815, hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The purpose of the congress was to restore stability to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars by reestablishing old monarchies and creating a new conservative order.

Question 22

Treaty of Vienna (1815)

Answer 22

was an agreement concluded in 1815 that aimed to undo the territorial and political changes brought about by the Napoleonic Wars. It restored the Bourbon monarchy in France, redefined national boundaries, and aimed to prevent future French expansion.

Question 23

Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty

Answer 23

The Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty refers to the re-establishment of the Bourbon family to the French throne after Napoleon’s defeat in 1815. The Bourbons, who had been deposed during the French Revolution, were reinstated as rulers of France.

Question 24

German Confederation

Answer 24

was a loose association of 39 German-speaking states established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. It was intended to provide a degree of political stability and cooperation among the German states without significantly altering their internal arrangements.

Question 25

Censorship Laws

Answer 25

Censorship laws are regulations imposed by the government to control and restrict what can be expressed in newspapers, books, plays, and other forms of media. These laws aim to suppress criticism and maintain the authority of the ruling regime.

Question 26

Autocratic Regimes

Answer 26

are forms of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a single ruler or a small group, with little or no tolerance for political dissent or opposition. These regimes often suppress freedom of speech and press.

Question 27

Liberal-Nationalists

Answer 27

Liberal-nationalists were individuals or groups who combined liberal and nationalist ideas, advocating for political reforms, individual freedoms, and national unity. They criticized conservative regimes and sought to advance democratic principles and national self-determination.