rise of nationalism in Europe Flashcards
painting of Fredric Sorrieu
1) 4 painting series (first print)
2) visualizing the dream of a democratic and social republic
3) people of Europe marching to give respect to the Statue of Liberty
4) statue with the torch of enlightment on one charterer of rights men in the other
nation - state
majority of citizens and not only its ruler come to develop a sense of common identity and shared history
modern state
practice by which a centralised power exercise control over a clearly defined terretory
Collective Identity in France
1) la patrie and le citoyen to emphasise idea of equal rights
2) new french flag
3)estate general
4)hyms and oath in name of nation
5)central administration system
6)uniform system of wheight and measurement
7) french language
civil code
- abolished privileges based on birth
- freed peasant from feudal dues.
- guild restriction removed
- tranportation and communication system was improvised
Conservatives
The conservatives believed in traditional institutions of state and society and the believed in church, monarchy, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved.
liberalism
political sphere
1. end of autocracy
2.wanted government by contest
3.did not talk about universal suffrage
# economic sphere
1.abolish state imposed restriction on movement of good
wanted uniform weightage system
Zollverein
traders and businessman had to pay many taxes due to which price of good increased also there was no uniform measurement system. so came together to form zollverein
abolished tariff barriers and reduced no. of currency from 30 to 2
treaty of Vienna
A
1815 European powers like Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria defeated napoleon in the battle of water loo and met in Vienna for the settlement of Europe.
Power was restored by the bourbon dynasty
France lost all its territories in the battle
39 states of German confederation formed by napoleon were left untouched.
Borders were made to prevent France from expanding.
Giuseppe Mazzini
member of carbonari
found 2 society :-
young italy in merseilles
young europe in berne
believed god had intended nation to be the natural unit of man kind.
“most dangerous enemy for our social order” - Duke matternich
greek war of independence
1) Part of ottoman empire.
2)growth of revolutionaries sparked struugle for independence among the greek in 1821.
3)support from greeks living in exile.
4)poets and artitians mobilsed public opinion.
5)treaty of constantinapole of 1832 recogonised greeks as independent nation.
romantisism
1)cultural movement where poets and heart issues represented the National sentiments through paintings and poems
2)they generally focus on emotions and mystical feelings
3)Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past.
What role did language play in developing nationalist sentiments in Poland?
Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments in Poland. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.
many people began to use polish language as a weapon of national resistance polish was used for church gathering
hunger, hardship and revolt
The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. ii In 1848 food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee. A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic granted suffrage to all adult males above 21 and guaranteed the right to work. National workshops to provide employment were set up.
revolution in german region
1)middle class proffeisionals came together in city of frankfurt to elect all german national assembly.
2)on 18 may 1848, 831 elected representative marched to take place in frankfurt parliament
3)drafted constitution for a german nation to be headed by a monarch subject to parliament.
4)prussian king rejected joined monarch to oppose the elected representative.
Three feautures of Frankfurt parliament
831 representatives marched
Parliament was monopolised by working men and women
King of Prussia, fredrich willhelm IV rejected constitutional monarchy
unification
Making of German:
Otto Von bismarck took leadership role with support of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
Kaiser William 1 was the new German emperor. The ceremony took place in y
The hall of mirrors
Making of Italy:
North Italy was under the Austrian Habsburg. South Italy was under the bourbon kings of Spain. Central Italy was ruled by POP. Victor Emmanuel gave directions to casour and freed north Italy. South Italy got freed by the help of garibaldi. And centre Italy surrendered itself.
Britain:
English parliament seized power from the ruling monarchy. British nation was formed and it was facilitated through the mass propagation of English culture.
Nationalism and imperialism
Modern balkans included Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Albania, Serbia and Slovenia this area was made by romantic nationalism, hence most of the European powers wanted to control these area so this led to a series of war called as First World War.
visualising the nation
Nation or a nation state seemed as abstract form. Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries found a way, by personifying a nation. In other words, they represented the country, as if it were a person. Nations were portrayed as female figures.
Marianne
- Marianne is a popular Christian name which became female allegory of France.
- Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic.
→ Red cap that symbolises liberty, the tricolour, the cockade symbolises French republic.
→ It became national symbol unity and people can identify them with it.
→ The statues of Marianne were established in public locations
→ The images of Marianne were also marked on coins and stamps in France.
Germania
- Germania became the allegory of the German nation.
- Germania was the female allegory of Germany
*she wears the crown which contains the German oak leaves symbolize the heroism
*her sword show readiness to fight
and the olive leaves surrounded show willingness to have peace
*Broken Chains
*Breastplate with eagle
*Crown of oak leaves
*Sword
*Olive branches around the leaves
*Black, red, and gold tricolor
*Rays of the rising sun
*Being freed
*symbol of the German empire – strength
*heroism
*Readiness to fight
*Willingness to make peace
*Flag of liberal nationalists in 1848, banned by the Dukes of the German states
*Beginning of the new era
