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RISE Flashcards

1
Q

radiation threshold and time for teratogenic effects

A

8-15 weeks
10 rads, 0.12 Gy
(late fetal period –> childhood cancer)

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2
Q

LD 50/60

A

50% death in a population in 60 days, 4 Sv

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3
Q

Acute radiation dose hematopoetic

A

8 Gy, week+

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4
Q

Acute radiation dose GI

A

2 days, 10 Gy

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5
Q

Acute radiation dose CVA

A

hours, 100 Gy, disoriented, coma, death

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6
Q

Acute radiation dose n/v

A

10 Gy, 30 min, fever, diarhea, hypotension

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7
Q

what to use for photos and high energy betas

A

pancake or geiger-Mueller detector

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8
Q

what to use for survey wipes

A

gamma counter or liquid scintillation counter

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9
Q

can dispose radioactive waste if:

A

stored >10 half lives, half life not greater than 120 days, survey of waste is negative, labels are removed

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10
Q

Major spill i131

A

> 1 mCi

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11
Q

Major spill Gallium

A

> 10 mCi

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12
Q

Major spill Indium

A

> 10 mCi

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13
Q

Major spill Tc99m

A

> 100mCi

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14
Q

Major spill Thal

A

> 100mCi

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15
Q

Traveling patients needs a letter stating

A

pharmaceutical, date of admin, amount and contact number

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16
Q

Transportation category 1

A

white, less than 0.5 mR/hr, no transportation index

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17
Q

Transportation category 2

A

yellow, less than 50 mR<hr>

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18
Q

Transportation category 3

A

yellow <200 mR/hr, TI<10 at 1 meter

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19
Q

personell dosimetry record

A

lifetime

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20
Q

shipping and receiving record

A

3 years

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21
Q

area and trash survery record

A

3 years

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22
Q

public dose limit survery record

A

3 years

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23
Q

unrestricted area dose

A

<2mrem/hr, <100mrem/days

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24
Q

requirements to release I131 patient

A

<30 mCi admin, <7mrem/hr at 1 meter, exposure to others <0.5 rem, dose <0.5 rem, family member exposure total <0.5 rem, sleep separate 4 days, if rem >0.1 to family give written instructions

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25
Q

what constitutes a medical event

A

A. whole body dose >5 rem or organ dose >50 rem + >20% dose

B. whole body dose >5 rem or organ dose >50 rem + either wrong drug, wrong route, wrong patient

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26
Q

who and when do u report a medical event

A

NRC in one day, written report 15 days, referring doc 24 hrs

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27
Q

total dose to fetus of pregnant employee

A

0.5 rem total after declaration or 0.05 rem/mon

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28
Q

what is in a written directive

A

drug, dosage, route

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29
Q

I131 in dialysis patient

A

give a lower dose after dialysis, dialysis tubing to stay in storage

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30
Q

how many half lives to store radioactive waste

A

10 half lives

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31
Q

chemical purity of Tc99

A

<10 microgm of Al per 1 ml

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32
Q

radionucleotide purity of Tc99

A

<0.15 microCu of Mo per 1 mCi of Tc

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33
Q

beast feeding - Tc99m MAA

A

pump mild for 24 hours

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34
Q

beast feeding - Tc99m MDP

A

Bone, 3 hrs

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35
Q

beast feeding - Tc99m MIBI

A

Cardiac 3hr

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36
Q

beast feeding - Tl-201

A

cardiac 48 hrs

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37
Q

beast feeding - I131

A

must cease

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38
Q

high radiation area dose

A

100 mrem/hr

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39
Q

occupational limit whole, organ, extremity, lens

A

5 /50/50/15 rem/yr

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40
Q

max wipe test

A

> 6600 dpm/300 cm

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41
Q

examin package in what time

A

3 hours

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42
Q

which material has to sent back to manufacturor for decay

A

t1/2 > 120 days

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43
Q

what is constancy

A

measures instrument precision, demonstrated reproducible results, uses Cesium 137, DAILY <10%

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44
Q

what is linearity

A

Records the decay of the sample overtime and compares it to a calculation, This is done quarterly

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45
Q

What is accuracy

A

Tested across the entire energy spectrum to be encountered, completed annually <10%

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46
Q

What is geometry

A

Measures the ability to read accurately despite the size or geometry

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47
Q

what kind of equilibrium is MO/Tc99

A

transient equilibrium, product slightly shorter half life than parent

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48
Q

What is a recordable event

A

A medical event that does not meet the threshold dose

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49
Q

Daily QC for survey meters

A

cutie pies, geiger muller : batter, background, constancy

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50
Q

what type of device is a dose calibrator

A

ionization chamber, uses argon gas

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51
Q

what kind of device: cutie pies, geiger muller

A

ionization chamber

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52
Q

QC for Dose calibrator

A

CLAG, constancy daily, linearity quarterly, accuracy annually, geometry at installation

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53
Q

daily QC for a well counter and its use, made of

A

counts of samples/wipes, thallium sodium iodine crystal and PMP tubes; daily: energy peak, background, constancy

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54
Q

low, medium and high energy collimators for which

A

low - Tc99 med - In111, GA67 high i131

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55
Q

description of gamma camera crystal

A

NAI-Tl, 3/8 in, hygroscopic 40 photons –> 1keV

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56
Q

PMP tubules of gamma camera

A

converts light to electron impulses 10^7

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57
Q

gamma camera, where is window peak Tc99

A

20% window 140-/+ 14

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58
Q

collimator resolution/high energy characteristics

A

high resolution - longer holes, high energy - thick septa

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59
Q

pinhole collimator do to an image

A

invert, magnify

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60
Q

diverging collimator

A

large organ, lower final resolution and sensitivity

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61
Q

converging collimator

A

small organ, magnification, better resolution/sensitivity, fan/cone beam

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62
Q

Gamma/SPECT QC daily

A

energy peaking, extrinsic with flood

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63
Q

Gamma/SPECT QC weekly

A

intrinsic, spatial resol with 4 quadrant phantom

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64
Q

Gamma/SPECT QC quarterly

A

jaszczank phantom (overall system), tomographic uniformity

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65
Q

fetus dose per month

A

0.05 rem/mo

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66
Q

natural background radiation

A

0.3 rem

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67
Q

minor spill amount i131, tc99, thal, gal

A

tc99, thal <100 mCi, i131 <1mCi

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68
Q

who has to wear dosimeter

A

anyone with >10% of annual limit (5rem)

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69
Q

example of physicial purity

A

size distribution of Tc MAA

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70
Q

biological purity

A

microorganisms and pyrogens

71
Q

how often do you do Mo breakthrough

A

on first eluate after receipt of generator

72
Q

how many Bq of Mo per Tc99

A

<0.15 KBq Mo99 per MBq Tc99m

73
Q

how long is MO99 contamination kept on record

A

3 years

74
Q

SM-153 major vs minor spill

A

10 mCi

75
Q

I-131 major vs minor spill

A

1 mCi

76
Q

P-32 major vs minor spill

A

1 mCi

77
Q

In-111 major vs minor spill

A

10 mCi

78
Q

Ga-67 major vs minor spill

A

10 mCi

79
Q

Tl-201 major vs minor spill

A

100 mCi

80
Q

isotope vs isotone

A

isotope same protons and element C11 C14 C12, isotones same neutrons 14N, 13C

81
Q

isotone vs isobars

A

isobars same atomic mass, isotone same neutrons

82
Q

isomers

A

metastable 99mTc

83
Q

which decay has the highest LET and Q factor

A

alpha decay, linear energy transfer, monoenergetic, stopped easily

84
Q

which part of the chart undergoes B- decay

A

bottom of the chart, neutron rich, highest n/z ratio, isobaric decay, 1 Q factor (y90), after decay z becomes +1

85
Q

which part of the chart undergoes B+ decay

A

left of the chart, low n/z ratio, PET imaging, isobaric, z becomes -1

86
Q

besides B+ decay, what can an element with a low n/z undergo

A

electron capture, isobaric

87
Q

how to calculate % decay, and amount left

A

e^ -0.693 x t

88
Q

how to calculate effective half life

A

= 1/Tphysical + 1/Tbiological

89
Q

how to calculate if exact number of half lives, amount left

A

(1/2)^x so after 4 half lives, 1/16 of N0 remains

90
Q

main elements of Nuclear reactor and Cyclotron

A

U235 bombarded by neutrons, O18 bombarded by charged particles

91
Q

what is the metal in the Tc99 generatory and what is the Tc99 reduced by

A

Mo-Aluminum Oxide, SnCl2

92
Q

T1/2 of Mo and Tc, type of equilibrium

A

66 and 6 hours, transient

93
Q

half life, decay, production of: Xe

A

reactor, 5 days, B-

94
Q

half life, decay, production of: Mo

A

Fission, B-, 66 hours

95
Q

half life, decay, production of: Tc

A

6 hours, Isomeric transition, generator, 140kEv

96
Q

half life, decay, production of: Ga

A

electron capture, 78 hours, cyclotron, 4 kEv

97
Q

half life, decay, production of: Tl201

A

70 hrs, EC, cyclotron

98
Q

half life, decay, production of: In111

A

66 hours, EC, cyclotron, 170/270kEv

99
Q

probability of photoelectric event

A

Z^3 / E^3 , absorbed by inner electron, outer electron move and cause characteristic radiation

100
Q

probability of compton scatter

A

1/E, soft tissue, water, outer electron and scatter x-ray

101
Q

probability of Pair production

A

energy > 1 MeV, enters near nuclear and exits positron and and electron ~ZE

102
Q

what type of interaction is Y90

A

Bremsstrahlung - electron decelerates near nuclear and emits B

103
Q

what type of interaction is PET

A

annihilation, positron and electron collide to give gamma rays

104
Q

what is a roentgen

A

exposure in air, Coulomb/kg

105
Q

what is a Rad/Gray

A

radiation absorbed dose in material per mass, Roentgen x QF, 1 Gray = 100 Rad

106
Q

gray to rad

A

1 Gray = 100 Rad

107
Q

QF of proton, neutron, alpha, gamma, beta, electron

A

beta/gamma/electron = 1, alpha=20, proton/neutron =10

108
Q

what is a rem

A

radiation equivalent man uses tissues weighting factor 1 sievert = 100 rem

109
Q

sievert to rem

A

1 sievert = 100 rem

110
Q

what is TEDE

A

total effective dose equivalent - sum of organ REMs

111
Q

what is a becquerel

A

1 disintegration per sec

112
Q

what is a curie, relationship of curie to becquerel

A

curie = 4x10^10 d/s; 1 GBq = 27 mCi; sources of radiation

113
Q

what is non-stochastic effects

A

deterministic, above a point you have symptoms

114
Q

what is a stochastic effect

A

low level radiation exposure resulting in cancer

115
Q

1 and 2 radiation exposure

A

backgroun 50%, medical 48%, #1 radon/thoron #2 CT #3 nuclear medicine #4 flouro

116
Q

what is the background exposure in the US/yr mRads and mSv

A

3 mSv, 300 mRads

117
Q

what stops alpha, beta and gamma rays

A

alpha paper, beta few mm of substance, gamma concrete/lead

118
Q

1 and 2highers exposures in nuclear medicines

A

cardiac, FDG

119
Q

effective dose of VQ

A

0.7 mSv

120
Q

effective dose of FDG

A

14 mSv

121
Q

effective dose of CXR

A

0.02 mSv

122
Q

effective dose of mammo

A

0.4 mSv

123
Q

effective dose of CTA

A

15 mSv

124
Q

effective dose of CT liver

A

15 mSv

125
Q

effective dose of CT head

A

2 mSv

126
Q

effective dose of TIPS/PVE

A

60 mSv

127
Q

how many agreement states

A

37, 15 NRC states

128
Q

what is 10CFR20

A

standards for radiation protection

129
Q

what is 10CFR30

A

licensing of products/materials

130
Q

what is 10CFR35

A

medical uses of products

131
Q

package at surface and 1 m

A

<200mR/hr and <10 mR/hr

132
Q

what do you do with syringes and vials with residue

A

return to vendor

133
Q

general public dose radiation limit

A

0.1 rem/y (1mSv)

134
Q

any limit on releasing patients on Sr89, P32, Sm153

A

no

135
Q

breast feeding when to resume?

A

wait 4 T1/2

136
Q

breast feeding after Tc99

A

pump milk for 24 hours

137
Q

most sensitive cell phases to radiation

A

M mitotic > G2 > G1 > S

138
Q

most and least sensitive cells to radiations

A

lymphocytes, and neurons

139
Q

what is used in the TLD and OSL

A

thermo lumi - LiF crystal, electron elevated and trapped, emits light when heated, Optically stimulated - AlOxide, emit light when exposed to laser,

140
Q

what is max lifetime dose

A

10 x age mSv

141
Q

what is HVL, for lead

A

0.3 mm at 140kEv, thickness to attenuate beam by 50%

142
Q

7HVL, 10 HVL

A

reduces exposure to 1%, 0.1%

143
Q

signs: radiation, high, very high

A

5, 100, 500 mrem/hr

144
Q

total annual isotope waste in hot sink

A

1 Ci per year max

145
Q

all doses must be within was % of the prescribed dose

A

20%

146
Q

I-123 major vs minor spill

A

10 mCi

147
Q

what is samarian 153 used for, half life

A

chronic bone pain, 2 days

148
Q

unrestricted vs restricted area

A

2mrem/hr

149
Q

radiation area

A

> 5 mrem/hr

150
Q

public exposure max

A

0.1 rem TEDE

151
Q

how long does a Tc99 generator last

A

1week

152
Q

what is Tc99 reduced by

A

SnCl2

153
Q

what kind of equilibrium is Sn/Rb

A

secular equilib, parent half life much longer 25 days vs 76 seconds

154
Q

risk for cancer determined by using

A

linear, quadratic model

155
Q

nucleotide by active transport

A

Thal, Iodine

156
Q

nucleotide by phagocytosis

A

sulfur colloid

157
Q

nucleotide by capillary blockage

A

MAA albumin

158
Q

nucleotide by chemisorption

A

F18, MDP

159
Q

nucleotide by compartmentalization

A

labeled RBCs, CSF

160
Q

nucleotide by metabolic trapping

A

FDG

161
Q

nucleotide by passive diffusion

A

neurolite

162
Q

nucleotide by excretion

A

MAG3, HIDA, DTPA

163
Q

nucleotide by receptor binding

A

DaT, Octreotide

164
Q

what does thin layer chromotography test for

A

radiochemical purity, free Tc in Tc99-MDP

165
Q

what does colorimetry test for

A

chemical purity, Al in Tc99MDP

166
Q

uptake mechanism Ga-citrate

A

binding transferring receptor and proteins

167
Q

uptake mechanism of In-WBC

A

chemotaxis, and diapedesis

168
Q

uptake mechanism I123 MIBG

A

type 1 uptake in presynaptic neurons

169
Q

what is used in parkinsons, mechanism

A

I123 ioflupane, bind presynaptic dopamine receptors

170
Q

study for B amyloid

A

F18 florbetapir

171
Q

I123 half life

A

13 hrs, 159 kEv

172
Q

critical organ thallium

A

kidneys

173
Q

what tracer for parathyroid

A

sestamibi, mitochondrial retension

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