Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography Human > Rio > Flashcards

Rio Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

Where is Rio located?

A

Brazil’s Atlantic coast at 23°s and 43° w

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is it’s large natural bay called?

A

Guanabara Bay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Until 1960 what was the capital of Brazil, what it is now?

A

Until 1960 Rio was the capital now it is Brasilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does Rio have? Features festivals…

A

50 museums and its famous annual carnival is one of the world’s biggest music and dance celebrations.

It is a UNESCO world heritage site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What important events have increased Brazil’s global importance?

A

2014 soccer World Cup

2016 Olympics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much of Brazil’s GDP does Rio provide?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Rio’s main exports

A

Coffee, sugar and iron ore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Rio’s one of the seven new wonders of the world?

A

Statue of Christ the redeemer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are rios main service industries?

A

Banking, finance and insurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are rios main manufacturing industries?

A

Chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the population of Rio?

A

2014 - 6.5 million in the city and 12.5 million in the surrounding area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does Rio have?

A

Mountains, coast and large squatter settlements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the set up of Rio?

A

It is split into four main zones:

Centro (centre)
South zone
West zone
North zone

  • these are rios main industrial and commercial areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

North zone

A

The city’s main industrial and port area
The city’s international airport and Maracanã soccer stadium are here
An area of low quality housing and favelas
The location of the Tijuca National Park

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Centro

A

The oldest part of the city, with many historic buildings
The city’s CBS and main shopping area
The financial centre with the headquarters of Petrobas and CVBB, Brazil’s largest oil and mining companies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

West zone

A
  • Barra de Tijuca has changed from a lower class area into a wealthy coastal suburb with luxury apartments, shopping malls, recreational and tourist facilities
  • the industrial area of Campo Grande has low quality housing around the steelworks
  • the main Olympic stadiums and competition village for 2016 are located here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

South zone

A
  • developed after tunnels were cut through the mountains
  • rios main tourist hotels and beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema
  • wealthy area dominated by luxury flats: it has the wealthiest district j the whole of South America
  • overlooked by Roçinha, the largest favela in South America
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Health care challenges

A
  • 2013, only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic
  • Services for pregnant women and the elderly were very poor especially in the west zone

——————————————————————————————

District- zone - infant mortality - pregnant females getting MC - Avg LE

Cidadas de Deas, West, 21 per 1000, 60%, 45

Barra de Tijuna - South - 6 per 1000, 100%, 80

Rio de Janeiro (as a whole), 19 per 1000, 74%, 63

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Health care solutions

A

In the favela of Santa Marta, which is set on a steep hillside and has a population of 8000, it has few roads and the main means d access is an overcrowded cable car. It is 13 km to the nearest hospital. Medical staff took a health kit into people’s homes, and were able to detect 20 different diseases and treat them. As a result infant mortality has fallen and lift expectancy increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Education challenges

A

Education in Brazil is contemporary for children aged 6-14. In Rio only half of all children continue their education after the age of 14. Many drop of out of school and some get involved in drug trafficking.

The level of school enrolment in Rio is low. The main reasons for this are:

  • a shortage of nearby schools
  • a lack of money and a need to work
  • a shortage of teachers
  • low pay for teachers
  • poor training for teachers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Education solutions

A

The authorities have tried to improve access to education by:

  • encouraging local people to volunteer to help in school
  • giving school grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping their children in school
  • making money available to pay for free lessons in volleyball, football, swimming and squash in Roçinha favela
  • opening a private university in Roçinha favela
22
Q

Water supply challenges

A

Around 12% of rios population did not have access to running water. It is estimated that 37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access. The situation has become worse in recent years.

23
Q

Water supply solutions

A

Most of the work has been on improving the quantity or quality of the water in the favelas and in the Olympic Park. Seven new treatment plants were built between 1998 and 2014, and over 300km of pipes were laid. By 2014, 95% of the population had a mains water supply.

24
Q

Energy challenges

A

The whole city suffers frequent blackouts due to a shortage of electricity. The growing population and the demand of the forthcoming Olympics will make the situation worse.

Many people living in the poorer parts of Rio de Janeiro get their electricity by illegally tapping into the main supply, which is risky and unsafe.

25
Q

Energy solutions

A

The electricity supply to Rio has been improved by:

  • installing 60km of new power lines
  • building a new nuclear generator
  • developing the new Simplicio hydro-electric complex which will increase rios supply of electricity by 30%. It took 6 years to build and cost over US$ 2 billion
26
Q

Types of employment in Rio

A

Port industries - import and export

Oil refining and petrochemical industries

Tourism - Rio is one of the world’s top tourist destinations

Steel - Rio has the largest steelworks in South America at Sepetiba Bay

Construction - producing employment for many non-skilled workers

Retail and distribution

Service industries - finance and banking

27
Q

Unemployment in Rio

A

Brazil’s economy was hit by a deep recession in 2015. This has increased unemployment. People have protested about high taxes, poor education and inadequate health care. Despite the growth of job opportunities in the city, unemployment is one reason why there are such wide contrasts in wealth in Rio.

The richest 1% of the population earns 12% of the total income. But the income of the poorest 50% is only 13% of the total.

28
Q

Unemployment in the favelas

A

The rate is over 20%. Most work in the informal economy, making a living however they can. People work as street vendors, drivers, labourers, maids or in the production of sewing and handicraft work for the local street market. Work in the informal sector is poorly paid (less than £60 a month) and irregular. About 1/3 of rios 3.5 million workers don’t have a formal employment contract, and many are without any insurance cover or unemployment benefit. They do not pay taxes and the government receives no income from them.

29
Q

What is being done about unemployment?

A

The local government is using education to try to reduce youth unemployment. The schools of tomorrow programme aims to improve education for young people in the poor and violent areas of the city. There are also practical skills based courses.

Courses are available for adults who have temporarily left education but want to continue their studies. Free child care is provided for teenage parents to enable them to return to education.

30
Q

What is the crime problem in Rio?

A

Murder, kidnapping, carjacking and armed assault occur regularly. Street crime is a problem, especially at night. Powerful gangs control drug trafficking in many of the favelas. The police have taken steps to control crime.

  • 2013 Pacifying police units (UPPs) were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
  • police have taken control of crime dominated Complexo de Alemão and 30 smaller favelas
31
Q

What are the criticisms to the police tackling crime problems?

A

There has been criticism that the police are targeting favelas near the Olympic sites. People living in these areas think this is an attack on their freedom. But the police argue that a lower crime rate, increased property values and growing tourism are positive results of their fight against crime in the favelas.

32
Q

What are rios environmental challenges?

A

New informal settlements on the edge of the city

Social inequality has led to high crime levels in some areas

Heavy pollution in the bay due to increase urbanisation and industrialisation

Problems of communication between different parts of the city across the bay

Dereliction due to de industrialisation of heavy industries such as steel

Mountains limit space for building and make the development of an effective transport system difficult and costly

Algal blooms and eutrophication in the Lagoa Rodrigo channel

Many squatter settlements built up on hillsides and prone to land slips

Extensive sprawl along beautiful coastal areas, such as Barra de Tijuca

New areas of basic local authority housing

Smog caused by slow moving traffic

Huge areas of sprawling squatter settlements, about 40% of rios population live in favelas.

33
Q

Air pollution

A

Estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year in Rio. The city is often covered with brown smog. This happens because:

  • heavy traffic and congestion on roads causes build up of exhaust fumes
  • mist from the Atlantic mixes with vehicle exhaust fumes and pollutants from factory chimneys

TRAFFIC CONGESTION

Rio is the most congested city in South America. Traffic congestion increases stress and pollution levels and wastes time for commuters and businesses.

  • steep mountains - roads can only be built on coastal lowland. Main transport routes become very congested.
  • tunnels through the mountains are needed to connect different areas of the city.
  • the number of cars in Rio has grown by over 40% in the last decade
  • high crime levels mean that many people prefer to travel by car
34
Q

Air pollution solutions

A

Improvements have been aimed at reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality:

  • expansion of the metro system under Guanabara Bay, to south zone and Barra de Tijuca
  • new toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion
  • making coast roads one way during rush hours, to improve traffic flow
35
Q

Water pollution problems

A

Guanabara bay is highly polluted, causing a major threat to wildlife. Commercial fishing had declined by 90% in the last 20 years. There is a danger that pollution could affect Ipamena and Copacabana Beaches which would damage tourism and the local economy. The local authorities have promised to clean up the bay in time for the olympics but there will still be problems.

There are several sources of water pollution:

  • many of the 55 rivers flowing into the bay are heavily polluted
  • rivers are polluted by run off from open sewers in the favelas
  • over 200 tonnes of raw sewage pours into the bay each day
  • over 50 tonnes of industrial waste enters the bay each day
  • there have been oil spills from the Petrobas oil refinery
  • ships empty their fuel tanks in the bay because there are no facilities to dispose of the fuel properly.
36
Q

Water pollution solutions

A

Overseas aid has been used to reduce the amount of sewage being released into the bay.

  • 12 new sewage works have been spilt since 2004 at a cost US$ 68 million
  • ships are fined for discharging fuel into the bay illegally
  • 5km of new sewage pipes have been installed around badly polluted areas
37
Q

Waste pollution

A

The worst waste problems are in the favelas. Many are built on steep slopes and have few proper roads, making access difficult for waste collection lorries. Most waste is therefore dumped and polluted the water system. This causes diseases like cholera and encourages rats.

38
Q

Waste pollution solutions

A

A power lint has been set up near the university of Rio using methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish. It consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produced enough electricity for 1000 homes.

39
Q

Why have favelas grown?

A

Squatter settlements in Brazil are called favelas. They are illegal settlements where people have built homes on land that they did not own. The favelas are areas of great social deprivation.

People leave Amazonia and drought hit areas of north east Brazil countryside in the hope of finding a better life in the city. Many are young adults so the birth rates are higher than in the more prosperous parts of the city.

40
Q

Where are favelas located?

A

There are up to a 1000 favelas in the greater Rio area:

  • 60% are in the suburbs
  • 25% are in the outer parts of the city
  • some are being built up to 40km from the city centre

Authorities have cleared many of those near the city centre to make Rio more attractive to businesses and tourists.

  • favelas are located mainly on the edge of the city, in the urban industrial areas where jobs are available
  • favelas further from the city are often built along main roads
  • favelas are often built on steep hillsides where landslides are common and access is difficult
41
Q

Roçinha

A

It is the largest favela in Rio. It had a population of 75,000 in the 2010 census but that is now likely to be three times higher. The favela is built on a very steep hillside overlooking the wealthy areas of Copacabana and Ipanema where many of its inhabitants work. More regular work allows improvements to be carried out by the people themselves as well as those done by the local authorities.

As a result of improvements, the favela now has:

  • 90% of houses built with brick and with electricity, running water and sewage systems
  • many houses with TVs and fridges
  • it’s own newspapers and radio station
  • retail facilities including food, clothes and video rental shops, bats, travel agent and McDonald’s
  • schools, health facilities and a private university
42
Q

Challenges of construction in favelas

A
  • houses are poorly constructed, as they were built illegally with basic materials such as iron, broken bricks and plastic sheets
  • many favelas are built on steep slopes and heavy rain from storms can cause landslides. In 2010, 224 people were killed and 13,000 lost their homes when houses were swept away
  • there is limited road access due to the steepness of the slopes
43
Q

Challenges of services in favelas

A
  • in the non improved favelas, around 12% of homes do not have running water, over 30% have no electricity and around 50% have no sewage connections
  • many homes use illegal connections to electricity pylons
  • swears are often open drains
  • drinking water is often obtained by tapping into a city water main. Tao’s are often at the bottom of steep slopes and require several trips each day to fetch water
44
Q

Challenges of unemployment in favelas

A
  • unemployment rates are as high as 20%
  • much employment is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector
  • average incomes may be less than £75 a month
45
Q

Challenges of crime in favelas

A
  • there is a high murder rate of 20/1000 people in many favelas
  • drug gangs dominate many favelas
  • many inhabitants distrust the police because of violence and corruption
46
Q

How are favelas being improved?

A

Until 1980, the authorities in Rio did not acknowledge the existence of favelas. They were not shown on any maps. In the mid 1980s city planners felt that something needed to be done for the city’s poorest citizens. Rather than destroy the favelas and squeeze their large populations into public housing, the city decided to upgrade them and provide essential services. Since Rio was awarded the 2016 Olympic there has been a move to destroy favelas, especially in areas where Olympic facilities are being built.

47
Q

Government approaches to favelas

A
  • Moving people to new areas such as Barra de Tijuca to reduce overcrowding
  • Rehousing people from favelas into basic housing
  • Developing cultural activities for youngsters, such as samba and Afro-reggae, to prevent them getting involved in crime
  • forced eviction from favelas to clear land for development
  • raising taxes on the rich to help pay for housing the poor
  • developing rural areas to encourage more people to stay in the countryside.
48
Q

Favela Bairro project

A
  • Complexo de Alemao is a favela in the north of Rio with 26,000 inhabitants.
  • paved and for all named roads
  • access to a water supply and drainage system for improved sanitation
  • hillsides secured to prevent landslides, or people relocated where necessary
  • building of new health, leisure and education facilities
  • installation of a cable car to the commercial centre of Ipanema - inhabitants are given one free return ticket a day
  • access to credit to allow inhabitants to buy materials to improve their homes
  • 100% montages available for people to buy their homes
  • A pacifying police unit set up, with police patrolling the community to help reduce crime.
49
Q

Has the favela Bairro project been a success or a failure?

A

The quality of life, mobility and employment prospects of the inhabitants of the favelas have improved because of the developments made possible by the project. It had been recognised as a model by the UN and been used in other Brazilian cities.

However, it had not been a complete success, and there are still problems:

  • the budget of US$1 billion may not cover every favela
  • the newly built infrastructure is not being maintained
  • residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs
  • more training is needed to improve literacy and employment
  • rents rise in the improved favelas and the poorest inhabitants are even worse off.
50
Q

Effect of the Olympic on the favelas

A

Some favelas have been demolished to make way for the developments of the Olympic Games. About 1000 people have lost their homes to make way for a new road. There are plans to demolish about 3000 houses ahead of the games.

The small town of campo grande in the west zone is a 90 minute drive from the city centre. 800 new houses have been built for people whose homes were demolished. For some residents, the houses are bretter thsn in the favelas. But campo Grande lacks a sense of community, has no shops, nowhere for children to plan, and is a long way from the city.

51
Q

Positive effect of the olympics

A

Many favela residents have benefit from the Olympic Games. The favelas near the Olympic Park are being redeveloped, and many people have found employment building Olympic facilities

Geography Human (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions