Rights and Revolutions Flashcards
Define common law.
Henry II, reigned 1154 through 89, established a national monarchy in England. At that time, the law was not codified, or explicitly written down, but decisions of Royal Justice were recorded in “year books” as precedent for future decisions. They became “common” to all parts of England, based not on statues but custom. Henry II’s reforms constitute the basis for British and American legal system and for the British common law today.
What was the Magna Carta?
The 1215 Charter required King John of England to Proclaim certain Liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary, for example by explicitly accepting that no “free man” (a non-serf)could be punished except through the law of the land, or as it is still in existence today. It was the first document forced onto an English king by a group of his subjects, the feudal Barons in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges.
What is the writ of habeas corpus?
An action whose Origins go back as far as the Magna Carta in 1215, by which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention. Remedy can be solved by The Prisoner or by another. It originated in the English legal system, but is now available in Many Nations. It has historically been an important legal instrument safeguarding individual Freedom against arbitrary State action.
What is the Parliamentary form of government?
It consists of legislators that operate under a system of government in which the executive is constitutionally answerable to the parliament. This can be contrasted with a presidential system, only model of the United States Congressional system, that operate under a stricter separation of powers whereby the executive does not form part of, North appointed by, the legislative body. The parliament of England emerged as an institution during the reign of Edward the first, which began in 1272.
Who controls the model parliament of 1295?
(1295) This assembly, summoned by King Edward I, including members of clergy and aristocracy, as well as representatives from counties and Burrows. Its legislative Authority was limited and the primary role was to Levy taxes. Edward’s Paramount goal was to raise funds for his War. However, the resulting Parliament become a model for a new function as well, the addressing of Grievances and for future parliaments.
Who was King Henry VII of England?
(1457-1509)King of England, Lord of Ireland, and the first Monarch of the House of Tudor, who won the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth field. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He was successful in restoring the power of the English Monarchy after the political upheavals of the wars of the roses, and he founded a long-lasting dynasty.
Who was King Henry VIII of England?
(1491-1547) Known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church, he established himself as the supreme head of the Church of England. An attractive and charismatic Man, educated and accomplished, he was an author and a composer. He ruled with absolute power and is remembered for two things today: his Six Wives, and the English Reformation that made England a mostly Protestant Nation.
Who was Elizabeth I of England?
(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland, she was the last Monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, in 1558 she succeeded the Catholic Mary I, during whose Reign she had been imprisoned on the suspicion of supporting Protestant Rebels. As Queen, she supported the establish of establishment of an English Protestant Church, of which she became the head. This later evolved into today’s Church of England. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 is associated with her name, and she was celebrated as the ruler of a golden age period
What was the Divine Right of Kings?
A political and religious doctrine of Royal legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch derives his right to rule directly from God. He is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or the church. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers May constitute a sacrilegious act. The theory came into the fore in England under the reign (1603-25) of James.
What was the Petition of Right?
Parliament in 1628 in response to a number of perceived violations of the law by King Charles I in the first years of his Reign. It was a major English constitutional document that set out specific Liberties that the king is prohibited from infringing including: taxes to be levied only by Parliament, martial law may not be imposed in time of peace, and prisoners must be able to contest the legitimacy of their detentions through the writ of habeas corpus.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
(1599-1658) An English military and political leader best known for his overthrow of the monarchy and for temporarily turning England into a republican Commonwealth. He was an Army commander in the English Civil War that defeated the royalist period after the execution of King Charles I in 1649, he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord protector until his death.
What was the Glorious Revolution?
The overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of English parliamentarians with an invading Army led by the Dutch William of Orange, who was as a result ascended the English Throne as William III. It can be argued that James’ has overthrow began Modern English parliamentary democracy; since then, a monarch has never again held absolute power. The removal of the Roman Catholic James II also ended any chance of Catholicism being reestablished in England.
Who was Charles V and I?
(1500-58) Having two titles, Holy Roman Emperor (V) and king of Spain (I), he is best known for his role in opposing the Protestant Reformation and the convocation of the Council of Trent, which began The Counter Reformation. He legalized Lutheranism, within the Holy Roman emperor empire via the Peace of Augsburg. In the new world he oversaw the Spanish colonization of the Americas, including the conquest of both the Aztec and Inca Empires.
Who was Philip II?
(1527-98) The son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, as king of Spain he ruled one of the world’s largest Empires. Under his rule Spain reach its height of power, exploring and colonizing in all the known continents. The Philippines was named after him.
What was the Spanish Armada?
(1588) The Spanish Fleet that sailed against England at the command of King Philip II of Spain, with the aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England to halt English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and English profiteering in the Atlantic. They mention eventually failed due to early English attacks on the Armada, strategic errors, and bad weather.
What was the House of Habsburg?
One of the most important Royal houses of Europe, and an origin of all of the formally elected Holy Roman emperors between 1438 and 1740, as well as the rulers of the Austrian and Spanish Empires.
What was the Thirty Years War?
(1618-1648) One of the most destructive conflicts in European history, it was found primarily in present-day Germany. Initially, it was a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, and then a continuation of the French-Habsburg rivalry for political power. The war was ended by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
(1648)A series of peace treaty signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years War in the Holy Roman Empire. The treaty resulted from the first modern diplomatic Congress, thereby initiating a new political order based on the concept of a sovereign state. The treaty’s regulations became integral to the Constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire.
What was the Curia Regis?
A Latin term meaning “Royal Council” or “Kings Court”. In England, it was a council of tenants-in-chief (those who held land directly from the King, known as manors) and ecclesiastics that advised the King on legislative matters. It eventually developed into the parliament of England.
Who was Joan of Arc?
(1412-1431) A national heroine of France and a Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France who claimed Divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years War that paved the way for the coronation of Charles the seventh of the House of the Valois.
What was the Hundred Years War?
A series of Wars waged from 1337 to 1453 by the house of Valois (a royal house of French Kings) and the house of Plantagenet (a royal House of English kings) for the French throne. The conflict finally ended in the explosion of the Plantagenets from friend and a victory for the house of the Valois.
Who were the Huguenots?
Members of the Protestant Church of France (French Calvinists) from the 16th to 17th century. By the end of the 17th century, roughly 200,000 Huguenots had been driven from France during a series of religious persecutions by the Catholic Church. They relocated primarily to England, Switzerland, and elsewhere in northern Europe as well as North America.
What was Saint Bartholomew’s Massacre?
(1572) Occurring in Paris, where thousands were killed, it was the first of a targeted series of persecution directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinists Protestants) during the French Wars of religion. Believed to have been instigated by Catherine de Medici during the reign of her son Henry III it gave Catholicism a reputation for bloodthirstiness and treachery.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
(1598) Issued by Henri IV of France, it granted the Huguenots substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance. It more at the end of the religious wars that tore apart the population of France during the second half of the sixteenth century.
