Rhinosinusitis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is rhinosinusitis?

A

Rhinosinusitis is a simultaneous infection of the nasal mucosa (rhinitis) and an infection of the mucosa of the paranasal sinuses (sinusitis).

A distinction is made between acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis.

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2
Q

How would you manage rhinosinusitis?

A

Inhalation therapy mechanically removes deposits and relieves the symptoms of allergic or inflammatory diseases like acute or chronic rhinosinusitis

In essence, inhalation therapy resolves the obstruction found to be bothersome, alleviates the irritation of the nasal mucosa and supports the self-cleaning mechanisms

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3
Q

What is rhinitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

A

Stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip

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5
Q

What causes rhinitis?

A

Often allergies, such as pollen and dander

Inflammation can also be caused by viruses and bacteria

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6
Q

In allergic rhinitis, what additional symptoms may be present?

A

Itching, coughing, fatigue, malaise, itchy and puffy eyes, mucus

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7
Q

What causes allergic rhinitis?

A

Inflammation is caused by the degranulation of mast cells in the nose. When mast cells degranulate, they release histamine and other chemicals, starting an inflammatory process that can cause symptoms outside the nose, such as fatigue and malaise

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8
Q

What pathological changes occur in rhinitis?

A

Most prominent pathological changes observed are nasal airway epithelial metaplasia in which goblet cells replace ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the nasal mucous membrane –> hyper secretion of mucus

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9
Q

How would you manage rhinitis?

A

Only manage allergic rhinitis:

  1. intranasal corticosteroids are recommended.
  2. For severe symptoms intranasal antihistamines may be added
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10
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the sinuses

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11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of sinusitis?

A

Thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and facial pain

Other signs and symptoms may include fever, headaches, a poor sense of smell, sore throat, and a cough

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12
Q

How long does sinusitis last for?

A

It is defined as acute sinusitis if it lasts less than 4 weeks, and as chronic sinusitis if it lasts for more than 12 weeks

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13
Q

What causes sinusitis?

A

Main cause: bacterial and viral infections

Other causes: allergies, air pollution, structural nose problem

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14
Q

What are risk factors for sinusitis?

A

Asthma, cystic fibrosis, poor immune function

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15
Q

What would you do if sinusitis lasts for more than 12 weeks?

A

CT scan

Histology and tissue culture e

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16
Q

What are the different sinuses?

A

The ethmoidal sinuses are located between your eyes.
The maxillary sinuses are located below your eyes.
The sphenoidal sinuses are located behind your eyes.
The frontal sinuses are located above your eyes.

17
Q

How would you manage sinusitis?

A

For simple infections: time, liquids, nasal spray and OTC medications

For complicated infections: antibiotics, corticosteroid nasal spray

18
Q

What type of viruses are likely to cause sinusitis?

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza

19
Q

What bacteria are likely to cause sinusitis?

A

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis