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Head and Neck Clinical > Rhinology > Flashcards

Rhinology Flashcards

1
Q

What should you do if you come across nasal trauma soon after the incident

A

Try reduce the fracture by manipulating the nose

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2
Q

What can be done to a nasal trauma if seen months after the incident

A

Rhinoplasty

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3
Q

What is Rhinoplasty

A

Surgery to change the shape of the nose

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4
Q

What are some complications of nasal trauma

A

Nasal blockage
Septal Haematoma
Possibly septal Abscess

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5
Q

What is treatment for a septal haematoma

A

Drain and pack nose

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6
Q

Is the treatment for a septal haematoma an emergency

A

Yes

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7
Q

Why is a septal haematoma an emergency

A

If not treated then septal perforation can occur due to necrosis of tissue

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8
Q

What is Rhinits

A

Inflammation and swelling of the mucous membranes of the nose

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9
Q

What more commonly causes rhinitis : Viral or Bacterial

A

Viral

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10
Q

What is treatment for viral rhinitis

A

Just relieve symptoms

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11
Q

What bacteria could cause bacterial rhinitis

A

S.Pneuamonia

H. Influenzae

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12
Q

What is treatment for bacterial rhinitis

A

Antibiotics:

B lactams - Penicillin/cephalosporins
Macrolides - erythromycin/clarithromycin

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13
Q

What categories can the causes of rhinitis be put into

A

Allergic and non allergic

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14
Q

When does acute rhinitis progress to chronic rhinitis

A

If you have 2 or more of the following symptoms for 12 weeks

  • Nasal obstruction
  • Nasal drainage
  • Facial pain/pressure
  • Hyposmia/Anosmia
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15
Q

What other condition does chronic rhinitis usually cause

A

Sinusitis

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16
Q

When does chronic rhinitis/sinusitus become an emergency

A

If it progresses to something more serious

  • Acute periorbital swelling
  • Fever
  • Frontal headache
  • Potts Puffy tumour
  • Ethmoid Mucocelle
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17
Q

What is treatment for emergency sinusitis/rhinitis

A

Get opthalmic opinion
Urgent CT
IV antibiotics
Emergency surgery

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18
Q

What is Potts Puffy tumour

A

Pott puffy tumor is osteomyelitis of the frontal bone with associated subperiosteal abscess causing swelling and edema over the forehead and scalp. It is a complication of frontal sinusitis or trauma.

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19
Q

What is Ethmoid mucocele

A

An ethmoid mucocele is a form of a paranasal sinus mucocele involving the ethmoid air cells.

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20
Q

What are painless growths inside the nose called

A

Nasal polyps

21
Q

What is the cause of nasal polyps

A

Unknown

22
Q

What are nasal polyps typically secondary to

A

Cystic fibrosis
Allergic fungal sinusitis
Churg-Strauss Syndrome

23
Q

What is Churg-Strauss syndrome

A

Churg-Strauss syndrome is a disorder marked by blood vessel inflammation. This inflammation can restrict blood flow to organs and tissues, sometimes permanently damaging them. This condition is also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Asthma is the most common sign of Churg-Strauss syndrome.

24
Q

What are investigations for Nasal polyps

A

Sweat test
Skin test
Nasal Smear

25
Q

What is the treatment for Nasal Polyps

A

Oral and nasal steroids
Immunotherapy
Polypectomy

26
Q

What is samtars triad

A

Samter’s Triad is a condition in which an individual has asthma, sinus inflammation with recurring nasal polyps, and sensitivity to aspirin and some other NSAIDs.

27
Q

What happens when someone with samtars triad is given aspirin

A

When aspirin or a similar drug is taken, people with Samter’s Triad have a severe reaction with both upper and lower respiratory symptoms.

28
Q

What is the treatment for people with samtars triad

A

Give tiny amounts of aspirin over time to help the body build up resistance

29
Q

What is Epistaxis

A

Nose Bleeds

30
Q

What are local causes of epistaxis

A
  • Trauma,
  • Inflammation,
  • Topical drugs (such as corticosteroids),
  • Surgery,
  • Vascular causes (hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia and Wegener’s granulomatosis),
  • Tumours (such as squamous cell carcinoma).
31
Q

What are general causes of epistaxis

A
  • Hypertension
  • Atherosclerosis,
  • Increased venous pressure from mitral stenosis, -Haematological disorders (such as thrombocytopenia, leukaemia, and haemophilia),
  • Environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity, or altitude),
  • Systemic drugs (such as anticoagulants and antiplatelets),
  • Excessive alcohol consumption.
32
Q

What is the immediate treatment for Epistaxis

A

First aid - Hold soft part of nose and tip head forward. Open mouth. Stay for 15 mins

33
Q

If admitted to hospital and first aid measures have not stopped bleeding what should be done next

A

Use suction and adrenaline soaked cotton wool to clear blood and attempt to find bleeding point.

34
Q

Is an anterior nose bleed likely to be from one nostril or both

A

One

35
Q

Is a posterior nose bleed likely to be from one nostril or both

A

Both

36
Q

What should be done if a posterior nose bleed is suspected

A

If a posterior bleed is suspected (bleeding is profuse, from both nostrils, and the bleeding site cannot be identified on examination), admission to hospital is recommended.

37
Q

If bleeding stops due to first aid methods what treatment can then be supplied

A

Naseptin® (chlorhexidine and neomycin) cream may be applied to prevent re-bleeding.

38
Q

What is a contraindication to naseptin

A

Peanut allergies

39
Q

If epistaxis is refusing to stop after first aid and a bleeding point has been identified what should then next line of treatment be

A

Cauterise with silver nitrate stick

40
Q

When should you not cauterise an Epistaxis (x3)

A

If the bleed is from a large area
If the bleed is from both sides of the nose
If the person has already been cauterised often

41
Q

If epistaxis is refusing to stop after first aid and NO bleeding point has been identified what should then next line of treatment be

A

Nasal packing with either

  • Inflatable rapid rhino
  • Nasal tampon
42
Q

What type of tumour can be found in the nose

A

Angiofibroma

43
Q

What are the symptoms of a nasal tumour

A

Long lasting blocked nose
Frequent epistaxis
Reduced sense of smell
Sometimes causes hearing loss

44
Q

Are nasal tumours common

A

No - they are rare

45
Q

What is the treatment for a nasal tumour

A

Surgery

46
Q

What are the subtypes of non allergic rhinitis

A 
Vasomotor 
Infectious 
Hormonally induced 
Gustatory 
Granulomatous 
Drug induced
47
Q

What triggers vasomotor rhinitis

A

irritants (perfumes, chlorine, cold air)

48
Q

What are characteristics of hormonally induced rhintis

A

Non-allergic rhinitis associated with pregnancy or mentrual cycle

49
Q

What is Gustatory rhinitis

A

Rhinitis associated with eating

Head and Neck Clinical (3 decks)

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