Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Otorhinolaryngology > Rhinology > Flashcards

Rhinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three classification of rhinosinusitis in terms of acute/chronicity?

A

acute less than 4wks
sub-acute 4-12wks
Chronic longer than 12 wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cause of chronic rhinosinusitis?

A

It is multfactorial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which sinuses drain into the middle meatus?

A

Maxillary

Frontal

Anterior ethmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which sinuses drain into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain into?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess in the posterior nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which is the order of sinuses most commonly affected by acute rhinosinusitis?

A

Maxillary

Ethmoidal

Frontal

Sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does acute rhinosinusitis commonly follow and what can it lead to?

A

Viral URTI which causes swelling of mucosa and blockage of sinus drainage predisposing to bacterial infection (e.g. streptococcus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the signs of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS)?

A

An accompanying acute viral URTI

Severe unilateral pain over affected sinus

Malaise and pyrexia

(must have some nasal symptoms or unlikely to be ARS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the investigations for ARS?

A

They are not usually indicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long should decongestants be given for ARS?

A

5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two courses of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)?

A

Following ARS or

it may have had a more insidious onset

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cause of chronic rhinosinusitis?

A

It is multfactorial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment for ARS?

A

Analgesics

Steam inhalations

Decongestants

(surgical washout or drainage in severe cases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How often do antibiotics alter the course of ARS?

A

3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the types of rhinosinusitis?

A 
Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS)
Sub-acute rhinosinusitis
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)
Allergic rhinosinusitis
Non-allergic rhinosinusitis (a.k.a idiopathic rhinosinusitis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are sinuses examined in CRS?

A

Nasoendoscope (X-rays are not specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What types of CRS have increased and decreased of previous decades?

A

Infective CRS has decreased due to better health and antibiotics

Allergic CRS has increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can allergic and non-allergic rhinosinusitis be differentiated?

A

Non-allergic rhinosinusitis rarely has itching or sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms (S/S) of CRS?

A

Nasal obstruction

Purulent discharge around the clock (not just in the morning)

Anosmia or cacosmia (unpleasant smell)

Usually painless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are key symptoms of sinus pain?

A

Worse with URTI

Associated with rhinological symptoms

Worse when flying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does bending forward causing increase in facial pain indicate?

A

Not much it is NOT specific for sinus pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is required to make a diagnosis of CRS?

A

Matching history symptoms:

(Nasal obstruction

Purulent discharge around the clock (not just in the morning)

Anosmia or cacosmia (unpleasant smell)

Usually painless)

AND physical findings such as:

Mucosal inflammation

Mucosal discharge

Nasal polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are physical findings elicited in CRS?

A

Via nasoendoscope

Anterior rhinoscopy can be used but less can be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can polyps and turbinates be differentiated?

A

Turbinates - red and sensitive

Polyps - Pale, pendulous, painless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the S/S of allergic rhinosinusitis?

A

Nasal onstruction

Hyposmia (a reduced ability to smell)

Nasal irritation -> Sneezing

Slightly yellow mucus (non-infective, due to eosinophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is often diagnosed incorrectly as chronic infective rhinosinusitis?

A

Persistent allergic rhinosinusitis due to perennial (plant) allergens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is non-allergic rhinosinusitis?

A

Essentially idiopathic rhinosinusitis, not due to infection or allergy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Can different types of rhinosinusitis occur concurrently?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the S/S of non-allergic rhinosinusitis?

A

Nasal obstruction

Clear rhinorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How can allergic and non-allergic rhinosinusitis be differentiated?

A

Non-allergic rhinosinusitis rarely has itching or sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the main aim of treatment for rhinosinusitis?

A

Ventilate sinuses

Restore mucocilliary clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the treatment of CRS?

A

At least 3 wks of broad spectrum antibiotics

Topical nasal steroids for at least 2 mnths followed by a nasal spray

Instructions of how to perform nasal douching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Should drops or topical sprays be used before or after douching?

A

After douching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the complications of infective sinusitis?

A

Mucoceles (muscous cyst)

CRS

Periorbital abscess or cellulitis (most common serious complication))

Facial cellulitis

Osteomyelitis

Intracranial complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the limit for the use of nasal steroids

A

There isn’t one if improvement is being seen clinically

36
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

inflammation of bone or bone marrow

37
Q

How can chronic rhinosinusitis be treated surgically?

A

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) to clear natural pathways of sinuses

It is very successful over classical “open” surgery

38
Q

What is a classic sign of chronic infective rhinosinusitis?

A

Green discharge from nose

39
Q

What is the commonest cause facial pain?

A

Midfacial segment pain

40
Q

What are the symptoms of midfacial segment pain and how can it be differentiated from rhinosinusitis?

A

Symmetrical sensation of pressure (sometimes described as a “blockage”)

NO airway impairment

41
Q

What can midfacial segment pain be likened to?

A

Tension headache that affects the midface

42
Q

What is the treatment for midfacial segment pain?

A

Amitriptyline for 6 mnths

takes 6 wks to have an effect

43
Q

What are the ingredients for nasal douching?

A

1/2 teaspoon of salt
1/2 teaspoon of sugar
1/2 teaspoon of bicarb of soda
2 pints of boiled water

leave to cool

44
Q

How is nasal douching performed?

A

Draw up mixture with syringe

Block one nostril

Sniff or squeeze liquid into other nostril

Leave to run out

45
Q

What are the intracranial complications of infective sinusitis?

A

Meningitis

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Brain/extradural/subdural abscess

46
Q

What is the first sign that a periorbital obscess maybe sight threatening?

A

Loss of colour vision

47
Q

What are mucoceles?

A

Collections of sterile mucus occupying an obstructed sinus

Late complication of ARS

48
Q

What do mucoceles present as?

A

Facial swelling

Visual distubrances

49
Q

How are mucocele treated?

A

Surgical drainage usually endoscopically

50
Q

What is the post nasal space also known as?

A

nasopharynx

51
Q

What is the job of vestibule of the nose?

A

The stiff hairs block large particles

52
Q

How are smaller particles in the nose removed?

A

via enzymatic destruction from the nose mucosa

53
Q

If someone is reporting poor taste what maybe the cause?

A

Nasal pathology as it gives about 85% of taste

54
Q

What is the vestibule of the nose? (what encloses it)

A

the nasal entrance (it is enclosed by the alar cartilages)

55
Q

What is the nasal septum made up of?

A

Ethmoid and vomer posteriorly, cartilage anteriorly

56
Q

What makes up the floor of the nose?

A

The maxilla

57
Q

Which area of the nose is most likely to be the source of nose bleeds and why?

A

Little’s area (part of the septum)as it is an area where four arteries anastomose

58
Q

What is the space between the turbinates called?

A

Meatus (inferior meatus below inferior turbinate)

59
Q

Which meatus does the nasolacrimal duct and eustachian tube drain into?

A

The inferior meatus

60
Q

Which meatus do the frontal and maxillary sinuses drain into?

A

The middle meatus

61
Q

What are the best methods for investigating rhinosinusitis?

A

History and allergy testing

62
Q

What is infective rhinosinusitis effectively?

A

The nasal effects of the common cold

63
Q

What is allergic rhinosinusitis colloquially known as?

A

Hay fever

64
Q

What is more common allergic or infective rhinosinusitis?

A

Infective rhinitis

65
Q

What immunoglobulin is indicated in the hypersensitivity in allergic rhinosinusitis (and thus what does this cause the release of)?

A

IgE (histamine)

66
Q

What occurs in long-term allergic rhinosinusitis?

A

The turbinates undergo permanent hypertrophy

67
Q

What is the pathophysiology of rhinosinusitis medicamentosa?

A

When the decongestant wears off there is a rebound vasodilation so further decongestant is taken.This causes a cycle and leads to turbinate hypertrophywhich is then unresponsively blocking the nasal cavity

68
Q

What is the treatment for rhinosinusitis medicamentosa?

A

Stop decongestants
Steroids
Potentially tubinate surgery

69
Q

Which type of sinusitis can be life and sight threatening?

A

Frontal sinusitis

70
Q

Which types of sinusitis commonly has periorbital sinusitis as an adverse outcome?

A

Ethmoidal sinusitis

71
Q

How is periorbital sinusitis sight threatening?

A

It can compress the optic nerve

72
Q

How is periorbital sinusitis treated?

A

High dose antibiotics and observation

73
Q

Are mucocoeles an early or late complication of acute sinusitis?

A

mucocoeles are a late complication of acute sinusitis

74
Q

Which sinuses are mucocoeles most common in?

A

frontal and ethmoidal sinuses

75
Q

Which sinusitis is most commonly associated with extradural abscesses?

A

frontal

76
Q

Which sinusitis is most commonly associated with subdural abscesses?

A

frontal

77
Q

Which type of abscess 2ry to sinusitis has a worse prognosis?

A

subdural abscess

78
Q

Which part of the septum should NOT be removed when the pt has a deviated septum and why?

A

The anterior portion as it gives a bad cosmetic result

79
Q

If a pt has a damaged external nasal skeleton within how much time is there for the nose to be re-maniulated?

A

2 weeks

80
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

A nose bleed

81
Q

What is the initial first aid for epistaxis?

A

get the pt to sit forward and pinch the fleshy part of the nose (not the bridge) for 10 minutes

The patient should spit out the blood (if swallowed may vomit)and an ice pack on the nasal bridge may be helpful.

82
Q

What should be the treatment for severe epistaxis?

A

IV access, FBC, coagulation screen and croup + save

Spray the bleeding point with 5% cocaine

Attempt nasal cautery

Pack if very severe (generally in posterior bleeds)

83
Q

How long is the packing in posterior nasal epitaxis generally left for?

A

24-48 hours

84
Q

What can be given prophylactically with nasal packing?

A

antibiotic

85
Q

What is a rare cause of severe unilateral epistaxis in adolescent boys?

A

Angiofibroma

Otorhinolaryngology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions