Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 3 Medicine > Rheumatology > Flashcards

Rheumatology Flashcards

1
Q

What does a GALS assessment stand for?

A

Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a GALS assessment?

A

A quick screening assessment for MSK disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the purpose of a GALS assessment?

A

Can help to identify gross abnormalities that can be assessed in greater detail afterwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some common Gait abnormalities?

A 
Antalgic
Trendelenburg
Sensory Ataxia
Cerebella Ataxia
Hemiplegic
Festinent/Projectile
Waddling
Psychogenic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an Antalgic Gait?

A

Pain causes the patient to reduce the time spent putting weight through the affected side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Trendelenburg gait?

A

The pelvis drops to the opposite side when stood on the affected side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a Sensory Ataxic gait?

A

Wide based
Stamping to account for the lack of sensory input
Worsens if eyes are shut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Cerebellar Ataxic gait?

A

Wide-based staggering gait.

Arms often flung out to improve balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Hemiplegic gait?

A

Narrow-based

Affected leg is swung forwards with the toes scraping the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Festinant/Projectile gait?

A

Difficult initiating a walk, then becomes a shuffling run with reduced arm swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Waddling gait?

A

“Duck-like”, due to bilateral hip muscle weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a psychogenic gait?

A

Variable gait, worse when being observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is looked for during the arms inspection of a GALS assessment?

A

Inspection of hands looking for deformities - MCPJs are key sites for RA nodules
Precision grip
Active Elbow and Shoulder movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are the legs assessed in a GALS assessment?

A

Patient lies supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is assessed in the legs section of a GALS assessment?

A

Assess for muscle wastage and leg length discrepancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the earliest sign of hip disease?

A

Reduced hip internal rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What could a knee swelling represent?

A

Bony
Soft Tissue
Synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which joints in the legs are common sites of RA?

A

MTPJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What abnormalities of the spinal curvature are suggestive of Ankylosing Spondylitis?

A

Exaggerated Thoracic Kyphosis

Loss of Lumbar Lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How may osteoporotic spinal fractures present?

A

Exaggerated Thoracic Kyphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the first movement affected by cervical degeneration?

A

Lateral C-Spine flexion

22
Q

What are Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis?

A

Rare idiopathic muscle diseases that are characterised by inflammation of striated muscle

23
Q

How can Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis present?

A

Insidious onset of proximal muscle weakness that is often painless
SOB
Rash
Reynauds syndrome

24
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for Polymyositis?

A

3 or more of:

Symmetrical Proximal Muscle Weakness
Raised serum muscle enzyme levels
Typical Electromyographic changes
Biopsy evidence of myositis

25
What are the diagnostic criteria for Dermatomyositis?
A rash plust two or more of: Symmetrical Proximal Muscle Weakness Raised serum muscle enzyme levels Typical Electromyographic changes Biopsy evidence of myositis
26
What abnormalities may be found upon investigation of Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis?
Raised ALT 80% are antinuclear antibody +ve Muscle auto-antibody panel
27
Which radiological investigation is the best for suspected myositis?
MRI
28
What is the initial treatment for confirmed myositis?
High Dose Corticosteroids for the first few weeks
29
What is the long-term management for myositis?
Methotrexate Azathioprine Rituximab IVIG
30
Other than pharmacological management, what else should patients be advised of with Dermatomyositis?
Sun Protection will help with symptoms/rash
31
What is Fibromyalgia?
A common disorder of central pain processing characterised by chronic widespread pain in all 4 quadrants of the body
32
What is Allodynia?
A heightened and painful response to innocuous stimuli
33
What is thought to cause fibromyalgia?
Sleep deprivation
34
How is sleep deprivation thought to trigger Fibromyalgia?
Leads to hyperactivation in response to noxious stimuli, and neural activation in brain regions associated with pain perception
35
What are some common symptoms of Fibromyalgia?
``` Joint/Muscle stiffness Profound fatigue Unrefreshed sleep Numbness Headaches Irritable Bowel/Bladder Depression and Anxiety Poor concentration/memory ```
36
What examination findings may there be with Fibromyalgia?
Tender points, where the patient experiences excessive pain with insignificant pressure
37
What are some risk factors for Fibromyalgia?
Females Aged 40-50 Onset may coincide with an obvious trigger
38
What is the generalised management principles for coping with Fibromyalgia?
Education CBT Pharmacological Physical Therapy
39
What is the recommended pharmacological treatment for Fibromyalgia?
Low Dose Amitryptylline | Pregabalin
40
Which medications should not be used to treat Fibromyalgia?
Opioids
41
What is Giant Cell Arteritis otherwise known as?
Temporal Arteritis
42
What is Giant Cell Arteritis?
Chronic vasculitis of large and medium sized vessels that occur in patients aged 50 or over
43
Which vessels are most commonly inflamed in Giant Cell Arteritis?
Arteries originating from the arch of the aorta
44
What can Occlusive Arteritis lead to in Giant Cell Arteritis?
Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) and acute visual loss
45
What can inflammation of arteries supplying the muscles of mastication lead to in Giant Cell Arteritis?
Intermittent pain and claudication of the jaw and tongue, particularly when chewing
46
Which other condition is Giant Cell Arteritis commonly associated with?
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
47
What are some common symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis?
Headache - Localised,unilateral, boring in quality over the temple Tongue/Jaw claudication upon mastication Visual Symptoms - Amaurosis Fugax, Blindness, Diplopia, Blurring Scalp tenderness, particularly over the temporal artery
48
What are the diagnostic criteria for Giant Cell Arteritis?
Aged >50 and any two of: Raised ESR, CRP, PV New onset localised headache Tenderness/decreased pulsation of temporal artery New visual symptoms Biopsy result showing necrotising arteritis
49
What is the acute treatment for confirmed Giant Cell Arteritis?
60-100mg Prednisolone PO for at least 2/52
50
What is the recommended treatment if a Giant Cell Arteritis patient has visual symptoms?
1g Methylprednisolone IV Pulse therapy for 1-3 days
51
Along with steroids, what other medication should a patient with Giant Cell Arteritis be started on?
Low-dose Aspirin Therapy to reduce thrombotic risk

Year 3 Medicine (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions