Rheumatic Arthritis Flashcards

1
Q

What is RA?

A

Chronic auto immune system illness characterised by symmetrical poly arthritis and other systemic features

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2
Q

Where does RA affect?

A

Most commonly the small joints of the hands, wrists and feet

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3
Q

What is the ration of females to males?

A

3:1

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4
Q

What is the typical age of onset?

A

4th/5th decade but may occur at any age from 16

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5
Q

What factors contribute to the aetiology?

A

Genetics
Environmental
Hormonal

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6
Q

How does genetic cause RA?

A

Rises 2-4% in sibling and 12-15% in monozygotic twins
Genetic contribution is estimated to be 50-60%
HLA-DRB1
Sequence of amino acids at postions 70 to 74 termed the shared epitope and consistent identified as a risk factor

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7
Q

What are environmental risk factors?

A

Cigarettes smoking
Chronic infection eg periodontal disease, EBV and parvovirus B19

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8
Q

What are hormonal risk factors?

A

Earl age at menopause
Low testosterone

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9
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Pain
Morning stiffness > 30 mins
Immobility
Poor function
Systemic symptoms

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10
Q

What are signs of RA?

A

Swelling
Tenderness
Warmth/ redness
Limitation of movement

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11
Q

What are non specific clinical signs of RA?

A

Fatigue/ lassitude
Weight load
Anaemia

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12
Q

What are specific clinical signs of RA?

A

Eyes, lungs, nerves, skin, kidneys

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13
Q

What are long term clinical signs?

A

CVS, malignancy

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14
Q

What are investigations for RA?

A

Baseline bloods
Immunology
Xray
Ultrasound

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15
Q

What blood investigations should be done?

A

FBC, kidney function, livers function, CRP and ESR

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16
Q

What immunology investigations should be done?

A

Rheumatoid factor
Anti cyclic citrullinated antibodies

17
Q

What assessment should be done>

A

Disease activity score

18
Q

What do different DAS scores show?

A

<2.6 represents clinical remission
>5.1 represents eligibility for biological therapy

19
Q

What is the approach to management?

A

Early and aggressive intervention is the key to obtaining optimal outcomes
Effective suppression of inflammation will improve symptoms and prevent joint damage and disability

20
Q

What are the different parts of management?

A

Pharmacological therapy
MDT
Management of flares
Surgery

21
Q

What classes of drugs can be used for symptomatic treatment?

A

NSAIDS
-naproxen, ibuprofen, coxibs
GCs
-prednisone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone

22
Q

How to NSAIDs work?

A

Exert their pharmacological effect by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, especially COX-2

23
Q

How do GCs work?

A

Complex mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppresion effects

24
Q

What are different disease modifying management?

A

Conventional, biological and targeted synthetic DMARDs

25
Q

What are examples of conventional synthetic DMARDs?

A

Methotrexate, leflunomide, hydroxycholoroquine and sulfasalazine

26
Q

How do csDMARDs work?

A

Non-targeted suppression of the overactive immune system

27
Q

How do targeted synthetic DMARDs work?

A

Inhibitors with low selectivity, inhibiting the signalling of a broad range of cytokines

28
Q

How do biologic DMARDs compare to transitional DMARDs?

A

Work rapidly
Well tolerated
Important toxicities

29
Q

What are biologic classes?

A

TNFa inhibitors
IL-1 inhibitors
Anti B cell therapies
Anti T cell therapies
IL-6 inhibitors
Oral kinase inhibitors

30
Q

What are issues with biologics?

A

Toxicity: minor eg injection site reaction
Increased risk of infection
Malignancy
Expensive

31
Q

Who are part of the mdt?

A

Specialist nurse
Physiotherapist
OT
Podiatrist
Pharmacist
Psychologist