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AP Lang > Rhetorical Terms > Flashcards

Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

ad hominem

A

switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.
ex: My opponent makes a valid point about the economy, but do we really want someone who wears socks and sandals as president?

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2
Q

ad populum/bandwagon appeal

A

when evidence boils down to “everyone else does it so you should too”
ex: That’s the most popular brand of soda so you should buy it.

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3
Q

alliteration

A

repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence
ex: Let us go forth to lead the land we love.

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4
Q

allusion

A

brief reference to a person, event, or place, or a work of art
ex: She was as strong as Goliath.

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5
Q

analogy

A

comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.

ex: As birds have flight, our special gift is reason.

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6
Q

anaphora

A

repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.
ex: not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need - not as a call to battle, though embattled we are…

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7
Q

anecdote

A

a brief story used to ilustrate a point

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8
Q

annotation

A

the taking of notes directly on a text

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9
Q

antimetabole

A

repetition of words in reverse order

ex: Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country.

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10
Q

antithesis

A

opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.
ex: We shall… support any friend, oppose any foe…

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11
Q

appeal to false authority

A

someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority
ex: According to Kanye West, the population of gorillas in China is 1,000

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12
Q

archaic diction

A

outdated choice of words

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13
Q

argument

A

a process of reasoned inquiry

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14
Q

assertion

A

a statement that presents a claim or thesis

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15
Q

asyndeton

A

omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words
ex: We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.

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16
Q

audience

A

reader of the text

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17
Q

backing

A

in the Toulmin model, backing consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.

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18
Q

begging the question

A

a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.
ex: Giving students easy access to a wealth of facts and resources online allows them to develop critical thinking skills.

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19
Q

circular reasoning

A

the argument repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence

ex: you can’t give me a C, I’m an A+ student.

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20
Q

claim

A

assertion or proposition

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21
Q

claim of fact

A

asserts that something is true or not

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22
Q

claim of policy

A

proposes a change

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23
Q

claim of value

A

argues something is good or bad, right or wrong

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24
Q

classical oration

A
  • introduction
  • narration
  • confirmation
  • refutation
  • conclusion
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25
Q

closed thesis

A

statement of the main idea that also previews the major points the writer intends to make

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26
Q

complex sentence

A

includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

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27
Q

compound sentence

A

includes atleast two independent clauses

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28
Q

concession

A

acknowledgement that an opening argument may be true or reasonable.
ex: His statement said what a lot of readers were thinking: that conservatives are dicks

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29
Q

comfirmation

A

the part of an argument that comes between narration and refutation; it provides thedevelopment of proof through evidence that supports the claims made by the speaker.

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30
Q

connotation

A

meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition
ex: that cat is plump. that cat is fat. that cat is obese

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31
Q

counterargument

A

an opposing argument to the one the writer is using

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32
Q

cumulative sentence

A

sentence that completes the main idea and the beginning of the sentence
ex: but neither of them could do it alone - though they were both strong, it would take their united forces to stop the evil.

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33
Q

deduction

A 
logic process to reach a conclusion
ex:
-exercise is good for you
-yoga is exercise
-yoga is good for you
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34
Q

diction

A

a speaker’s choice of words

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35
Q

either/or - false dilemma

A

speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices
ex: we can either prevent immigrants from crossing the border, or your grandkids will all be speaking spanish and eating quesadillas everyday

36
Q

enthymeme

A

a syllogism with one of the premises implied, and taken for granted as understood
ex: you should take her class, I learned a lot from her last year (implying that you will learn a lot too)

37
Q

equivocation

A

uses a term with two or more meanings in an attempt to misrepresent or deceive
ex: we will bring our enemies to justice, or we will bring justice to them.

38
Q

ethos

A

appeal to authority/credibility

39
Q

exordium

A

the intro to an argument, in which the speaker announces the subject and purpose, and appeals to ethos in order to establish credibility

40
Q

faulty analogy

A

analogy that compares two things that are not comparable.

ex: if we put homeless dogs to sleep to put them out of their misery, we should do it to homeless people too

41
Q

figurative language (figure of speech)

A

nonliteral language invoking imagery

42
Q

1st-hand evidence

A

based on something the writer personally knows

43
Q

hasty generalization

A

a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence
ex: smoking isn’t bad for you, my grandma smoked a pack a day and lived to be 100

44
Q

hortative sentence

A

sentence that exhorts, urges, implores, or calls to action

45
Q

hyperbole

A

exaggeration for ironic effect

46
Q

imperative sentence

A

sentence used to command or enjoin

47
Q

induction

A

logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion
ex: exercise promotes weight loss, lowers stress levels, and improves mood. exercise promotes better health.

48
Q

inversion

A

inverted order of words in a sentence

ex: united there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. divided there is little we can do.

49
Q

irony

A

a figure of speech that occurs when a speaker or character says on thing but means something else, or when what is said is the opposite of what is expected, creating a noticeable incongruity.
ex:nature has become simply a visual form of entertainment, and it had better look snappy.

50
Q

juxtaposition

A

placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences

51
Q

logical fallacies

A

potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument; often arise from a failure to make it a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.

52
Q

logos

A

appeal to logic/intelligence

53
Q

metonymy

A

figure of speech in which soething is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it.

54
Q

modifier

A

an adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb

55
Q

narration

A

the factual and background information

56
Q

nominalization

A

the process of changing a verb into a nounn

57
Q

open thesis

A

an open thesis does not list allthe points the writer intends to cover

58
Q

oxymoron

A

paradox of two seemingly contradictory words

59
Q

paradox

A

a statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers an ironic truth

60
Q

parallelism

A

silimarity of structure in a pair of series of related words

61
Q

pathos

A

appeal to emotion

62
Q

periodic sentence

A

sentence whose main clause is withheld til the end

63
Q

peroration

A

the final part of an argument, typically appeals to pathos

64
Q

persona

A

face or character that a speaker shows to his audience

65
Q

personification

A

giving a lifelike quality to a nonliving thing

66
Q

polemic

A

aggressive argument that tries to establish superiority of one opinion over all others

67
Q

polysyndeton

A

deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases

68
Q

post hoc ergo propter hoc

A

“after which therefore because of which” - correlation does not imply causation

69
Q

qualified argument

A

argument that is not absolute; acknowledges the merits of an opposing view but its argument is stronger

70
Q

qualifier

A

in the Toulmin model, the qualifier makes claims less absolute (sometimes, in most cases, maybe, etc.)

71
Q

qualitative evidence

A

evidence supported by reason, tradition, and precedent

72
Q

quantitative evidence

A

includes things that can be measured

73
Q

rebuttal

A

voice to possible objections

74
Q

refutation

A

denial of validity of opposing arguments

75
Q

rhtorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle)

A

illustrates relations between speaker, audience, and subkect

76
Q

Rogerian arguments

A

based on the assumption that fully understanding an opposing position is essential in responding to it

77
Q

satire

A

irony to critique

78
Q

scheme

A

artful syntax

79
Q

2nd hand evidence

A

evidence gotten through research and investigation

80
Q

straw man

A

deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule

81
Q

syllogism

A

uses major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion
ex: excercise is good for you, yoga is exercise, yoga is good for you

82
Q

synecdoche

A

uses a part to represent a whole

ex: plane = pair of wings

83
Q

syntax

A

arrangement of words into phrases,clauses, and sentences

84
Q

synthesize

A

combining ideas to create something more complex

85
Q

toulmin model

A

because (evidence), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on the account of (backing), unless (reservation)

86
Q

trope

A

artful diction

87
Q

zeugma

A

use of 2 different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings
EX: WHEN YOU OPEN A BOOK, YOU OPN YOUR MIND

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