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AP Lang > Rhetorical Terms > Flashcards

Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The subject of the sentence performs the action.

A

Active Voice

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2
Q

An indirect reference to something with which the audience is supposed to be familiar with

A

Allusion

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3
Q

A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts; when an author speaks directly to the audience through a character.

A

Alter-ego

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4
Q

A brief recounting of a relevant episode

A

Anecdote

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5
Q

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun

A

Antecedent

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6
Q

Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world

A

Classicism

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7
Q

When a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood

A

Comic Relief

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8
Q

Word choice, particularly as an element of style

A

Diction

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9
Q

Ordinary or familiar type of conversation

A

Colloquial Diction

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10
Q

A common or familiar type of saying

A

Colloquialism

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11
Q

The associations suggested by a word

A

Connotation

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12
Q

The literal, explicit meaning of a word

A

Denotation

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13
Q

The diction of a group which practices a similar profession or activity

A

Jargon

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14
Q

Language or dialect of a particular country/ regional group

A

Vernacular

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15
Q

A term used to describe fiction, etc. that teaches specific lesson or moral

A

Didactic

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16
Q

A folk saying with a lesson

A

Adage

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17
Q

A story in which characters, etc. represent qualities or concepts that are meant to reveal an abstraction or truth

A

Allegory

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18
Q

A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle

A

Aphorism

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19
Q

The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author

A

Ellipsis

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20
Q

A less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts

A

Euphemism

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21
Q

Writing that is not meant to be taken literally

A

Figurative Language

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22
Q

A comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables

A

Analogy

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23
Q

Exaggeration

A

Hyperbole

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24
Q

A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally

A

Idiom

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25
Q

Makes an implied comparison

A

Metaphor

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26
Q

When a metaphor is continued later in a written work

A

Extended Metaphor

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27
Q

A particularly elaborate extended metaphor

A

Conceit

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28
Q

Replacing an actual word or idea with a related word or concept

A

Metonymy

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29
Q

A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts or vice versa

A

Synecdoche

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30
Q

Making a direct comparison between two very different things

A

Simile

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31
Q

A description involving a crossing of the senses

A

Synesthesia

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32
Q

Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human

A

Personification

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33
Q

When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story

A

Foreshadowing

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34
Q

The major category into which a literary work fits

A

Genre

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35
Q

Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death

A

Gothic

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36
Q

Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind

A

Imagery

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37
Q

A long, emotionally violent attack using strong, abusive language

A

Invective

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38
Q

When the opposite of what you expect to happen does

A

Irony

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39
Q

When you say something and mean the opposite/ something different

A

Verbal Irony

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40
Q

Verbal irony with a bitter tone

A

Sarcasm

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41
Q

When the audience of a work knows something that the character doesn’t

A

Dramatic Irony

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42
Q

Found in the plot of a work, it’s funny how things turn out

A

Situational Irony

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43
Q

Placing things side by side for the purpose of comparison

A

Juxtaposition

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44
Q

The atmosphere created by literature and accomplished through diction

A

Mood

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45
Q

A recurring idea in a piece of literature

A

Motif

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46
Q

When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox

A

Oxymoron

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47
Q

The speed or tempo of an author’s writing

A

Pacing

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48
Q

A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true

A

Paradox

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49
Q

Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other

A

Parallelism

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50
Q

The subject of the sentence receives the action.

A

Passive Voice

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51
Q

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of multiple clauses/ sentences in a row

A

Anaphora

52
Q

When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the words are reversed

A

Chiasmus

53
Q

Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, etc. with parallel structure

A

Antithesis

54
Q

When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies

A

Zuegma/Syllepsis

55
Q

Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence

A

Parenthetical Idea

56
Q

An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes

A

Parody

57
Q

The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story

A

Persona

58
Q

A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, etc.

A

Poetic Device

59
Q

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words

A

Alliteration

60
Q

The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds

A

Assonance

61
Q

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words

A

Consonance

62
Q

The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes

A

Onomatopoeia

63
Q

When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line

A

Internal Rhyme

64
Q

When a poet creates a “rhyme” of similar words

A

Slant Rhyme

65
Q

When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme

A

End Rhyme

66
Q

The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes

A

Rhyme Scheme

67
Q

When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions

A

Polysyndeton

68
Q

When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way

A

Pun

69
Q

Question not asked for information but for effect

A

Rhetorical Question

70
Q

Art or literature characterized by an idealistic view of people and the world

A

Romanticism

71
Q

A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect

A

Satire

72
Q

A word or group of words placed beside a noun to supplement its meaning

A

Appositive

73
Q

A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale

A

Balanced Sentence

74
Q

Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses

A

Compound Sentence

75
Q

Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

A

Complex Sentence

76
Q

When the writer begins with an independent clause, then adds subordinate elements

A

Loose Sentence

77
Q

When the main idea isn’t completed until the end of the sentence

A

Periodic Sentence

78
Q

Contains only one independent clause

A

Simple Sentence

79
Q

The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes

A

Style

80
Q

Anything that represents or stands for something else

A

Symbol

81
Q

Grammatical arrangement of words

A

Syntax

82
Q

The central idea or message of a work

A

Theme

83
Q

A writer’s attitude towards the subject matter

A

Tone

84
Q

A particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement, which would otherwise be used

A

Litotes

85
Q

Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint

A

Concession

86
Q

An if-then statement that consists of two parts

A

Conditional Statement

87
Q

Fallacy of attacking opponents instead of their arguements

A

Ad Hominem

88
Q

The claim that because someone famous supports an idea, this must be right

A

Appeal to Authority

89
Q

Urging the audience to accept a position because a majority of people already do

A

Bandwagon

90
Q

Fallacy that assumes that the effect is related to a cause because the events occur together

A

False Cause

91
Q

Fallacy that allows a key word or term in an argument to have different meanings throughout the argument

A

Equivocation

92
Q

Fallacy that bases an inference on too small a sample as the basis for a broader generalization

A

Hasty Generalization

93
Q

Fallacy in which irrelevant reasons are offered to support a claim

A

Non Sequitur

94
Q

Fallacy that assumes a chain reaction of events which result in a terrible outcome

A

Slippery Slope

95
Q

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth of the conclusion. In this argument, the premises are intended only to be so strong that, if they are true, then it is unlikely that the conclusion is false.

A

Inductive Argument

96
Q

It meets two conditions: First, that the line of reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.

A

Sound Argument

97
Q

Not every argument is fully expressed. If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated that Rover is a dog.

A

Unstated Premises

98
Q

The conclusion logically follows from the premises.

A

Valid Argument

99
Q

In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force than the other syllable(s). In the name “Nathan,” the first syllable is stressed. In the word “unhappiness,” the second of the four syllables is stressed.

A

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

100
Q

A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.

A

Meter

101
Q

Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.

A

Free Verse

102
Q

Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables. “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

A

Iambic Pentameter

103
Q

A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.

A

Sonnet

104
Q

The art of effective communication.

A

Rhetoric

105
Q

The relationships, in any piece of writing, between the writer, the audience, and the subject. All analysis of writing is essentially an analysis of the relationships between the points on the triangle.

A

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

106
Q

States an idea. It does not give a command or request, nor does it ask a question. “The ball is round.”

A

Declarative Sentence

107
Q

Issues a command. “Kick the ball.”

A

Imperative Sentence

108
Q

Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose). “To whom did you kick the ball?”

A

Interrogative Sentence

109
Q

The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author’s opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. It should be short and clear.

A

Thesis

110
Q

The ironic minimizing of fact. The effect can frequently be humorous. “Our defense played valiantly, and held the other team to merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter.”

A

Understatement

111
Q

A piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion. Essentially, every essay is (this term) that begins with the conclusion (the thesis) and then sets up the premises. This term (or the thesis to an argument) is also sometimes called a claim, a position, or a stance.

A

Argument

112
Q

Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion.

A

Premises

113
Q

The end result of the argument - the main point being made.

A

Conclusion

114
Q

The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more valid than someone else’s. All means of persuasion were divided into into three categories - ethos, pathos, and logos.

A

Aristotle’s Appeals

115
Q

(credibility) being convinced by the credibility of the author. A writer tries to convince the audience that he or she is someone worth listening to, in other words an authority on the subject, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect.

A

Ethos

116
Q

(emotional) persuading by appealing to the reader’s emotions.

A

Pathos

117
Q

(logic) persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid arguments. This is generally considered the strongest form of persuasion.

A

Logos

118
Q

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion. The premises are intended to provide support for the conclusion that is so strong that, if the premises are true, it would be impossible for the conclusion to be false.

A

Deductive Argument

119
Q

When one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions

A

Contradiction

120
Q

Example that runs counter to (opposes) a generalization, thus falsifying it.

A

Counter Example

121
Q

An attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning. Often are used unintentionally.

A

Fallacy

122
Q

Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren’t.

A

Bad Analogy

123
Q

An attempt to replace a logical argument. Common examples are sympathy, revenge, and patriotism - basically any emotion.

A

Appeal to Emotion

124
Q

Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no exceptions.

A

Cliche Thinking

125
Q

Has both a subject and a verb, and can stand alone as a sentence.

A

Independent Clause

126
Q

Does not express a complete a thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

A

Dependent Clause

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