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CMN 456 > Rhetoric Unit > Flashcards

Rhetoric Unit Flashcards

1
Q

rhetoric

A

the faculty (ability) of observing in any given case (rhetorical situation) and the available means of persuasion

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2
Q

Bitzer’s rhetorical situation

A
  • a complex of persons, events, objects, and relations presenting an actual or potential exigence
  • the context in which speakers create rhetorical discourse, or in which an exigence strongly invites utterances of discourse
  • composed of three constituents– the exigence, the audience, and the constraints
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3
Q

Bitzer’s exigence

A
  • the occasion for change that causes someone to speak; the problem that someone needs to address
  • what problem does the speech address?
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4
Q

Bitzer’s audience

A
  • the group of people who need to be persuaded to take action
  • who is the speech trying to reach?
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5
Q

Bitzer’s constraints

A
  • the things that stand in the way of dealing with the exigence
  • what stand in the way of dealing with the exigence?
    • artistic vs. inartistic (see proofs)
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6
Q

enthymeme

A
  • legitimately persuasive arguments that aren’t formally valid
  • is a syllogism with either a premise or a conclusion left unexpressed
    • missing premise such as assuming Bob registered for classes because he is a student
  • uses a linking premise that joins the common ground of rhetor and audience to a conclusion
  • Example: you find an unwrapped piece of candy in a classroom
    • Anchor: “don’t take what’s not yours” OR “finders keepers”
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7
Q

syllogism

A

refers to the specific logical form of an argument, consisting of two premises and a conclusion that follows from them

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8
Q

Aristotle’s means of persuasion (artistic vs. inartistic)

A
  • artistic means of persuasion are crafted by the rhetor
    • logos, topoi, pathos, ethos
    • student arguing they deserve a good grade because they came to class, did hw, worked hard, etc.
  • inartistic means of persuasion have merely to be used
    • a teacher using attendance roster, grade book, etc. to establish argument that a student needs a better grade
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9
Q

Burke’s identification

A
  • To overcome our division and our guilt, we look for ways in which our interests, attitudes, values, experiences, and perceptions are shared with others or appear to be shared
  • Finding common ground
  • The product or end result of identifying is being consubstantial with others
  • Ex: “You’re a farmer? I was a farmer, myself”
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10
Q

Aristotle’s proofs (artistic vs. inartistic)

A
  • are Bitzer’s constraints
  • are available choices to solve an exigence
  • artistic proofs are those originated or managed by the rhetor and his method
    • ex: anchors, or things you need to know in an argument
  • inartistic proofs are other constraints, in the situation, which we don’t have control over
    • ex: network TV guidelines about swearing on air exist
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11
Q

ways and means (idio topoi)

A
  • Finance
  • The public funding of the government
  • Ex: Property, taxes, budget surplus, spending
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12
Q

war and peace (idio topoi)

A
  • Government issues about international affairs
  • Ex: Should we stay in Iraq? Is the war in our interest?
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13
Q

national defense (idio topoi)

A
  • Issues about the military
  • Ex: Do we build a wall? Should women be in combat?
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14
Q

imports and exports (idio topoi)

A
  • The government’s trade policy
  • Ex: Balance of trade? Beer from Canada? Goods from China?
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15
Q

legislation (idio topoi)

A
  • The framing of law
  • The rules we write to live by that are enforced by the legal system
  • Ex: Education policy? Legalization of marijuana? A woman’s right to access healthcare?
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16
Q

Aristotle’s logos

A
  • the appeal to logic
    • includes topoi (general and special)
    • includes lines of arguments
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17
Q

Aristotle’s topoi, or topics (general vs. special)

A
  • general forms that arguments take, regardless of their actual content
    • lines of argument
  • general topoi– enthymemes that can be employed in any rhetoric
  • special topoi– genres
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18
Q

Aristotle’s general topics (koinoi topoi)

A
  • enthymemes that can be employed in any rhetoric
    • greater or lesser: which stance on the issue do you value more?
    • less or more likely: if A happens, then B, C, E, etc. are going to happen as well
    • hypocrisy: if standards apply for one, they should apply for all
19
Q

Aristotle’s special topics (genres)

A
  • forensic (judicial), past, establish justice/ correct injustice
  • epideictic (civic), present, bestow honor/ dishonor
  • deliberative (political), future, establish advantages, harmfulness of a particular plan
20
Q

Aristotle’s pathos

A
  • the appeal to emotion
  • anger/ calm, friendship/ hatred, fear/ confidence, shame/ shamelessness, kindness/ unkindness, pity (from unjust evil)/ indigitation (from just evil), envy (jealousy)/ emulation (inspired)
21
Q

Aristotle’s ethos

A
  • good sense
    • the habit of using intellect & of making good choices
    • Ex: do they have experience in their field?
  • good will
    • the habit of looking out for others
    • Ex: do they demonstrate concern for the public?
  • good morals
    • the habit of knowing right from wrong
    • Ex: do they know right from wrong?
22
Q

Aristotle’s general arguments

A
  • argument by example
    • using an actual example to argue a point
    • using an illustrative example (such as an analogy) to argue a point
  • argument by maxim
    • a maxim is a universal truth; not a fact but a general course of conduct
  • argument by enthymeme
    • an enthymeme is a line of argument dealing with practical subjects about course of conduct
    • adding a reason to a maxim makes it an enthymeme
23
Q

invention (Aristotle’s five canons)

A
  • The act of selecting which means of persuasion belong in your speech; depending on the rhetorical situation—here are the different means of persuasion
24
Q

organization or arrangement (Aristotle’s five canons)

A
  • How to organize ideas in a coherent manner for speaker and audience
  • Similarly to how a textbook has chapters and headings
25
Q

style (Aristotle’s five canons)

A

is fitted to
- speaker
- audience
- occasion
what language the speech uses
- repetition
- metaphor

26
Q

memory (Aristotle’s five canons)

A

how to organize ideas in a coherent manner for speaker and audience

27
Q

delivery (Aristotle’s five canons)

A

verbal and nonverbal characteristics

28
Q

anchors

A
  • things you need to know to understand that particular argument
  • the logic to which an enthymeme is built
29
Q

epideictic virtues: justice

A

law-abiding

30
Q

epideictic virtues: courage

A
  • strength against fear
  • disposes men to do noble deeds in situations of danger
31
Q

epideictic virtues: temperance

A
  • self-restraint
  • disposes us to obey the law where physical pleasures are concerned
32
Q

epideictic virtues: magnificence

A
  • generosity of spirit
  • productive of greatness in matters involving the spending of money
33
Q

epideictic virtues: magnanimity

A
  • kindness of spirit
  • disposes us to do good to others on a large scale
34
Q

epideictic virtues: liberality

A
  • openness to others
  • disposes us to let our money go instead of fighting for it
35
Q

epideictic virtues: prudence

A
  • giving care to wisdom
  • understanding what enables men to come to wise decisions (judgement of men’s behavior)
  • understanding man’s relation to happiness and evils (displine onesself with the use of reason)
36
Q

epideictic virtues: wisdom

A
  • good sense or judgement
37
Q

forensic subject: wrongdoing (law)

A
  • special law: written law which regulates the life of a community
  • general law: those unwritten principles which are acknowledged everywhere
38
Q

forensic subject: motive

A
  • every action must be due to a cause or motive
  • involuntary motives are ones which we are not legally responsible for (chance or compulsion)
  • voluntary motives seem goo or pleasant to the wrong-doer (habit, reasoning, anger)
39
Q

forensic subject: victim

A
  • the kind of persons who are wronged and their conditions
  • the worst crimes are those on humanity and instill large scale fear
40
Q

forensic issues: fact

A
  • who committed the crime?
  • the accusation goes against the status quo (status quo follows that nothing happened)
41
Q

forensic issues: definition

A
  • what is the crime?
  • what does one call the action in question (look at laws, handbooks, etc.)
42
Q

forensic issues: quality

A
  • how is the crime excusable?
  • being in altered state, being persuaded, etc.
43
Q

forensic issues: jurisdiction

A
  • where will you hold the trail?
44
Q

forensic issues: procedure

A
  • was the criminal investigation fair?

CMN 456 (2 decks)

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