rhetoric Flashcards
invention
the discovery of argumentsand strategies appropriate to the subject matterand context
arrangement
the disposition of arguments, topics, emotional appeals, etc. within the speechor case
Style
transformation of argumentsand strategies into language
memory
memorization of the deatails and contents, in many instancesverbatim language for the speech
performance/delivery
cultivation of voice. Gesture, and demeanor for purpose of presenting speech and speaker effectively
deliberative oratory
aimed at persuading for or agains a proposed course of action
judicial oratory
delivered in context of trial or to analyze a point of law, or to argue a point as though it were law
Demonstrative oratory
to demonstrate eithergood or bad features of the subject under consideration, applies to :individuals groups even abstractions
Ethos
mode of persuasion based on character of those involved, mmaybe explicit or implicit
Logos
mode of persuasion based on reasoning, analysis, and argument as built by the speaker
Pathos
mode of persuasion based upon the emotions of the audience as evoked by the speaker
conjecture
stance toward topic “did it happen?”
Definition
stance toward topic”does it fit the charge?”
Quality
stance toward topic: is there an aspect that diqualifies it from”the charge”`
Tranference
stance toward topic:was it the fault of someone else? Either directly or inderectly
Intent
stance toward topic : did the accused intend the outcome what is the relationship between the language and the intent of the law
Equity
Stance toward topic: does the law as writeen and interpreted correspond to a general sense of fairness
Syllogism
a stance toward topic: was the specific situation considered by the lawmakers when the law was made, maybe there was a broader intent
ambiguity
stance toward topic: is the law being applied ambiguous or vague
topoi
Greek for topics are the places to look for arguments, looking for positive attributes for positive oration
Apostrophe
figure of thought: adress to an absent person or god
dubitatio
figure of thought: intentional expression of uncertainty or confusion on part of speaker
hyperbole
figure of thought: purposeful overstatement or exaggeration
interragatio
figure of thought: rhetorical question
subiectio
figure of thought: mock dialogue
oxymoron
figure of thought: linking of seemingly contradictory terms
sermocinatio
figure of thought: speaking in the character of another person
sententia
figure of thought: a general idea formualted in a concise sentence (gnome)
praeteritio
figure of thought: mentioning things a speaker will leave out so as to call more attention to them (paraleipsis)
anaphora
Figure of language: repetition of a word at the beginning of successive words or phrases
epiphora
Figure of language: repetition of a word at the end of successive senences or phrases
polyptoton
Figure of language: repetition of the same word with different inflections
asyndeton
Figure of language: asyndeton omission of conjunctions where normally expected
polysyndeton
Figure of language: repetition of conjunctionsto a greater extent than necessary
hyperbaton
Figure of language: placement of a word far from its normal position in a phrase or sentence
isocolon
Figure of language: cunstruction of successive phrases of the same length
Metaphor
trope: an implied comparison; substitution of a word or phrase from another semasntic realm
metonymy
trope: replacement of a word or group of words by another that has some relationshipof meaning
synecdoche
trope: replacement of a word or group of wordsby a word that refers to a part of the object described
antonomosia
trope: the use of separate words to express a proper name
litotes
trope: deliberate understatement, also a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating it’s opposite
hyperbole
trope: deliberate overstatement
Ironia
trope: irony
anadiplosis
repetition in the first part of a phrase or sentence of aprominent word from a preceding phrase or sentence
anastrophe
inversion of the usual order of words or clauses
antistrophe
repetition of words in reverse order or repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
antithesis
device in which two opposite ideas are put togetherin a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect
Aporia
figure of speech wherein the speaker expresses (often feigned) doubtor perplexity regarding a question, and asks the audiencehow he/she should proceed often rhetorical questions near the beginning
aposiopesis
a sudden breaking off in the middle of a sentence as though the speaker is unwilling or unable to continue
brachyology
brevity of speech , a shortened or condensed phrase
catachresis
the missapplication of a word or phrase, incorrect use of wordds
chiasmus
rhetorical inversion of the second of two parrallel structures
climax
the final statement in a group of statements of ascending rhetorical intensity
ellipse
figure of speech omission of one or more words from a clause whose remaining elements would otherwise require it/them
enallage
the substitution of one word with a word of same or similar meaning but with different grammatical form
euphemism
substitution of a milder or indirect expression for one thought to be offensive or blunt
hendiadis
rhetorical device by which two nouns are joined by a conjunction and are used instead of a noun with a modifier
homoio telueton
two lines of verse which end with words having the same ending
hypallage
figure of speech in which the natural relationship of two words are interchanged
hypophora
figure of speech in which speaker poses then answersa question
hysteron proteron
figure of speech in which the rational order of two terms is reversed, also logical fallacy of assuming true and using as a premise a proposition that has not been proven yet
onomatopoeia
words that immitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to
paraleipsis
mentioning a thing that the speaker is going to leave out of the discussion so as to draw more attention to it (praeteritio)
parechesis
repetition of the same sound in several wordsin close proximityor succession
parisosis
when clauses have very similar length as measured by syllablessometimes equivalent of isocolon
paromoiosis
parrallel of sounds between wordsof two clauses approxamately equal in sizecan occur anywhere in clauses unlike homoioteleuton which occurs only at the end
paronomasia
word play esp punning
periphrasis
a roundabout way of expressing something circumlocution
pleonasm
redundancy; superfluous words or phrases, use of more words than necessary
pregnans constuctio
a form of brachyology in which clauses or expressions are condensed into one
prolepsis
anticipation of objections that are then answered in advance
symploce
repetition of a wordor phrase at the beginning and at then at the end of successive clauses
zeugma
use of a word to govern or modify two words when it is only applicable to one of them
ad absurdum
Logical Fallacy: disproof of a propostion by showing it leads to an absurd or untenable result
ad antiquitatem
Logical Fallacy: appeal to tradition or common practice
ad hominem
Logical Fallacy: claim or argument rejected based on irrelevant fact about the author or presenter
ad hominem tu quoque
Logical Fallacy: appeal to hypocrisy, intends to discredit opponent’s position by asserting a failure of the opponent to act consistently by that position
ad ignorantium
Logical Fallacy: appeal to ignorance asserts that a proposition is true or false because the opposite hasn’t been proven
ad metum
Logical Fallacy: appeal to fear attempts to gain support for a proposition by attempting to create or increase prejudice or fear of the opposition
ad miserricordian
Logical Fallacy: appeal to pity attempts to gain support by appealing to (oppenent’s?) guilt or pity
ad naturam
Logical Fallacy: appeal to nature something is good because it is natural bad because it is unnatural
ad nauseum
Logical Fallacy: discussion that has gone on and on to the point it invokes nausea
ad novitatem
Logical Fallacy: appeal to novelty claiming an idea is better because it is new
ad numeram
Logical Fallacy: appeal to the people something is true because many people believe it
ad populum
Logical Fallacy: appeal to popularity most people approve of idea or feel favorably about it so it must be true
ad verecundiam
Logical Fallacy: appeal to authority citing an authority figure outside their area of expertise
Cum hoc ergo propter hoc
Logical Fallacy: with this therefore because of this
dicto simpliciter
Logical Fallacy: sweeping generalization
ignoratio elenchi
Logical Fallacy: irrelevant conclusion presenting an argument that fails to address the issue
non causa pro causa
a non cause for a cause or a false causation; false cause
non sequiter
Logical Fallacy: a conclusion or a statement that does not logically followfrom the previous argument or statement
petetio principe
Logical Fallacy: begging the question; where the conclusion you are trying to prove is included in the initial argument (as evidence?
post hoc ergo propter hoc
Logical Fallacy: after this therefore because of this
reductio ad absurdum
Logical Fallacy: form of argument that seeks to demonstrate something is true because if it were false an absurd or unteneableresult would follow
secundum quid et simpliciter
Logical Fallacy: accident fallacy, when one attempts to apply a general rule to an irrelevant situation
no true Scottsman
Logical Fallacy: no TRUE member of the group belonged to would do such a thing
texas sharpshooter
Logical Fallacy: differences in data are ignored and similarities are stressed
Strawman
Logical Fallacy: you effectively replace your opponents argument with an easily disproven statement
Compostion
Logical Fallacy: arises when spmeone says what is true of one part is true of the whole
Division
Logical Fallacy: what is true of the whole (on average?) must be true of all parts
Genetic fallacy
Logical Fallacy: based on someone or something’s origins rather than current meaning or context
Fallacy Fallacy
Logical Fallacy: just because someone has a fallacy in their argument they are wrong
