Rheology Flashcards
change in shape or apparent size /dimension of an object or substance under the influence of an applied stress
Deformation
the continuous deformation of a liquid on an unconfined surface (spreading ) or through a confined system (tubes) or through an orifice under the influence of an active stress
Flow
the load beyond which the material no longer behaves elastically.
Elastic limit
Why is perfect elastic deformation is difficult to attain
because 100% recovery of an objectβs dimensions following a stress may not be feasible.
What is Strain Hardening used for
used in industries to strengthen metals and polymers.
What is the name given to spaces that metal atoms undergoing deformation are forced to move and occupy
Defects
How is the energy exerted in plastic deformation used
most of the energy given to a solid is given off as heat, while only a small part is used in changing its dimensions.
the study of the flow properties of fluids (liquids and semi-solids).
Rheology
Who suggested the term Rheology
Bingham and Crawford.
What is the order of flowability of linear branched and cross linked molecules
Linear > Branched molecules >cross-linked molecules
What factors affect flow of fluids
Viscosity
Magnitude of stress
Temp
Molecular chain characteristics of fluid
What is the relationship btn viscosity and flow
πππ πππ ππ‘π¦ β 1/πππ‘π ππ ππππ€
Shear rate( D) formula and unit
D= π£π/H
ms-1/m or s-1
Shear stress(Ο) formula and unit
Ο=πΉ/π΄
Newton per metre square ( Nm-2) or the Pascal (Pa)
Dynamic viscosity(Ε) formula and unit
Ε = Ο/D
Nm-2s or Pascal seconds (Pas)
Kinematic viscosity (v) formula and unit
V = Ε/Ο
Shear stress/ density
The SI units of v is m2s-1
Relative viscosity formula and definition
Εr = Εsol/Εs
the ratio of the solution viscosity to solvent viscosity
IT HAS NO UNITS
Specific viscosity(Εsp) formula
Εsp= Εsolute/ Εs
the ratio of solute viscosity (Εsolute) to that of the solvent (Εs )
What is the relationship between specific viscosity and relative viscosity
Εsp= Εr -1
What are the three formulas in intrinsic viscosity
1.Einsteinβs colloidal equation
ππ ππ = ππ (1 + 2.5β
)
β = volume fraction of colloidal phase
- Εsp/c=k
Εsp/c is the viscosity number, c= concentration
- Intrisic viscosity is the y-intercept if a graph is specific viscosity against concentration
Unitsπ’
Dynamic
Pas
Dyn cm-2 s
Poise (P)=0.1 Pas
Kinematic
m2 s-1
Cm2 s-1
Stoke (St) = 10- 4m2s-1
What Liquids whose flow characteristics are in consonance with Newtonβs law of flow ( shear stress is proportional to shear rate)
Newtonian liquids or systems
Give egs of Newtonian liquids
Castor oil-1000
Chloroform-0.563
Ethyl alcohol-1.19
Glycerin 93%-400
Olive oil-100
Water-1.0019
They are heterogeneous solutions of solids in liquids as such, most pharmaceutical liquid dosage and donβt obey Newtonβs law of flow
non-Newtonian liquids
How can you find dynamic viscosity in a Rheogram
Inverse of the slope
The slope is flowvity of the material
What are plastic systems
concentrated suspensions containing flocculated Particles that are held by Van der Waal forces.
A plastic material does not flow until a minimum force sufficient to overcome the Van der Waal forces is applied
What is yield value in plastic flow liquids
Minimum force needed to over come the van der waal forces
How do you determine plastic viscosity
Reciprocal of the slope ( mobility)
Equation
U= F -f/D
F=Applied stress in dynes/cm2
f= yield value in dynes/cm2
D= shear rate in s^-1
What polymers exhibit pseudoplastic flow
Acacia dispersions of tragacanth, methyl and ethyl cellulose, sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose.
In pseudoplastic system The degree of alignment and the corresponding decrease in viscosity depend on what
Magnitude of stress
The viscosity determined at a given shear stress and shear rate of pseudoplastic system
apparent viscosity of the pseudoplastic material.
Pseudoplastic liquids have different viscosity at different rates and how does this affect its rheogram diagram
The reogram will have no linear portion and therefore the liquid canβt be described by a single viscosity material
What is dilatant flow
Flow of suspensions with high solid fraction. When stress it applied they form spaces and flow
After they loss lubrication and flow reduces
What is shear thickening materials exhibit it
When a particle under force flows but loses its lubrication later making the flow reduce
What is the relationship btn shear stress and viscosity of a dilatant flow
Viscosity increases with increasing shear stress
What is thixotropy
Slow recovery of consistency lost as a result of shearing
It forms a hysteresis loop on its rheogram
What is importance of thixotrophy in pharmacy
Preparations that are thixotrophic settle down slowly after agitation( therefore accurate dose can be taken)
But non thixotrophic settle rapidly
What structures are being talked about in plastic pseudoplastic and dilatant
Plastic- flocculated suspensions