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A2 Music > Rhapsody In Blue, Gershwin Fusion > Flashcards

Rhapsody In Blue, Gershwin Fusion Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is rhapsody in blue by?

A

Gershwin

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2
Q

What can be said about the form of the piece?

A

The piece is a rhapsody

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3
Q

How is a rhapsody different from a concerto?

A

It differs from a concerto in that it is one extended movement instead of separate movements. It also contains passages of improvisatory nature and have an irregular form with heightened contrast and emotional exuberance

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4
Q

How is this rhapsody typical?

A

This rhapsody is typical in that it certainly has large contrasts in musical texture and style

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5
Q

How can the rhapsody be split?

A
  1. Ritornello theme - after glissando
  2. Train theme - b91-106
  3. Stride theme - b181-195
  4. Shuffle theme - b260-296
  5. Love theme - b357-382
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6
Q

When is the Ritornello theme?

A

After the opening glissando

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7
Q

When is the train theme?

A

b91-106

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8
Q

When is the stride theme?

A

b181-195

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9
Q

When is the shuffle theme?

A

b260-296

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10
Q

When is the love theme

A

b357-382

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11
Q

What can be said about each section relative to the others?

A

Each section appears to have a recapitulation however all the themes are melodically closely related

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12
Q

How many published versions are there?

A

There are 5 versions of the work

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13
Q

How did the scoring evolve in each of the published versions?

A

Scoring evolved from Jazz band to pit orchestra to symphony orchestra with banjo and saxes

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14
Q

How did the stylistic nature of the piece change with each alteration of instrumentation?

A

In the original version, the band is playing jazz in contrast with he pianists classical style. In the orchestral versions the orchestra represent the classical elements while the burden of jazz falls on the pianist

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15
Q

What can be said about the use of stride piano?

A

It was used and was virtuoustic and rhythmic though not particularly melodic with LH taking place of harmonic section

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16
Q

What is novelty piano and how is it used?

A

Novelty piano is fill of intricate cross rhythms produced by grouping quavers in threes rather than twos or fours and playing these against 4/4 rhythms and more modern harmonies e.g. Parallel 4ths and added 9th chords (e.g. Figure 9 train theme)

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17
Q

How is comic piano used?

A

This vaudeville style is often played in scherzando mood with hesitations to set up comic effect

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18
Q

What special woodwind technique is used?

A

Use of flutter tonguing e.g. In bar 89

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19
Q

Is flutter tonguing a jazz influence?

A

Yes, it was especially prominent in New Orleans and Vaudeville styles (but was also used in some classical music e.g. Shost and Schoenberg)

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20
Q

What texture does flutter tonguing create?

A

A blurred and fleeting texture which intensifies the phrase

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21
Q

What classical texture is heard?

A

Imitation

22
Q

What key is this piece in?

A

Begins and ends in Bb major

23
Q

Is the harmonic structure conventionally classical?

A

No

24
Q

Where does the music modulate to almost immediately?

A

Moves in a subdominant direction: Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, B, E and finally coming to rest on A major

25
Q

Where does the Ritornello theme seem to be heading at the end?

A

Ritornello theme seems to be heading towards final cadence in Eb before the opening phrase appears suddenly in Bb.

26
Q

Which notes is there a strong tonal emphasis on?

A

Bb, G, E and C#

27
Q

What happens to the G major shuffle theme?

A

G major theme moves up in thirds twice so it can be restated up the tritone in Db

28
Q

What do sequences do?

A

Move up and down the whole tone scale serving to connect larger tonal sections

29
Q

What can the stride theme be seen as?

A

It can be seen as a conventional piece in C major with predictable excursions to G major with a brief move to A major at fig 20 being the only exception

30
Q

How is the entry of the love theme set up?

A

He appears to set up the entry of the love theme in G major with a huge dramatic cadence on D near the end of the cadenza but then jumps towards the dominant of are for the love theme in E (fig 28)

31
Q

What does the substitution of E for G give the theme?

A

It gives the theme its particular colour, something which can be heard also in his concert in F and second rhapsody

32
Q

What kind of rhythms are heard?

A

Fox trot, 3+3+2 and Cuban ‘clave’ rhythm

33
Q

Is this piece swung?

A

No, unlike the majority of jazz

34
Q

What does the clarinet play in b98-102?

A

Quavers glissando patterns

35
Q

What can be said about the tempos?

A

Wide range of tempos used e.g. Slow tempo to unite piano and Orchestra b303-324

36
Q

What kind of rhythm does the train theme have?

A

Pounding additive rhythm

37
Q

What kind of rhythmic motif does the shuffle theme make use of and where are there examples of this specifically?

A

Ragtime rhythmic motif which shows syncopated ragged rhythm with a predominant left hand pattern of bass notes on odd numbered beats and chords on even numbered beats accompanying a syncopated melody in the right hand - prominent at b122 where flute has melody and b276 and 497 - 451

38
Q

What are all the themes based on?

A

All themes are based on flattened 7th and major/minor 3rds

39
Q

How many themes contain the ragtime motif?

A

Three of the

40
Q

What structure do all the themes imply?

A

All imply 32 or 16 bar form

41
Q

Do any of the themes end with a clear cadence?

A

No

42
Q

How many and which themes modulate to different keys?

A

Two of them, Ritornello and shuffle

43
Q

What can be said about melody in the Ritornello Theme?

A

Simple 16 bar AABA in Bb major with blues scale melodic inflections

44
Q

What happens in the bridge section of Ritornello theme melodically?

A

The bridge moves to Ab harmony (flattened 6th) rather than the usual subdominant

45
Q

What kind of chords are used in Ritornello theme?

A

There is an avoidance of root chords and an abundance of added 9th chords

46
Q

What can be said about the train theme melodically?

A

16 bar AABA in C major with a klezmer style feel to it with wailing clarinet and flattened 7th over pounding additive rhythm

47
Q

What does the stride theme make use of?

A

Ragtime rhythmic motif

48
Q

What can be said about the shuffle theme melodically?

A

Beings in Gmajor with a 16 bar phrase before treating it sequentially up a third from the pattern of the first 2 bars, then begins the theme again, up a minor 3rd on the flattened 5th (Db) (with the piano playing a fragment of the train theme) this is then again treated sequentially up a tone before returning to the tonic

49
Q

What two melodic elements is the love theme made up of?

A

Melody and countermelody

50
Q

What can be said about the love theme melodically?

A

It is in E major with the melody an ascending diatonic motif and the countermelody a descending chromatic motif

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