Reynolds Histology Flashcards by Kendon Knowles

What is epithelial tissue?

Closely adhering sheets of cells

1) Avascular, single or multiple layers
2) Mostly uninucleate, polyhedral, polarized cells
3) Almost always separated from underlying or surrounding tissues by a basement membrane
4) Cells usually undergo regular tournover

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What is the basement membrane?

Extracellular selective filter between epithelium and connective tissues

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What is the basement membrane made out of?

1) Collage (Types IV & VII)
2) Proteoglycans (heparan sulfate & chondroitin sulfate)
3) Laminin, Entactin, Fibronectin (anchoring proteins)
4) Underlying reticular fibers (connective tissue)

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What does the basement membrane do?

Controls cellular growth, metabolism, and differentiation

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What does the epithelial tissue do?

SPFACTS
S)Sensory (neuro)
P)Protects (epidermal)
F)Filters (glomerular)
A)Absorbs (intestinal)
C)Contracts (myo-)
T)Transports (respiratory_
S)Secretes (glandular)

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This type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and ureters? What is unique about this epithelium?

Transitional epithelium
 (they can change shape from relaxed to distended)

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Name two examples of simple squamous epithelium and where they’re located

Endothelium - Blood vessels

Mesothelium - lines the body cavities (pleural membrane)

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This type of epithelium is found in the lining of the heart and blood vessels

Simple Squamous epithelium

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What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, performs absorption and secretion

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This type of epithelium permits expansion and recoil after stretching

Transitional epithelium

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Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

Glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, thyroid gland

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This type of epithelial tissue functions to provide limited protection, secretion and/or absorbtion

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?

Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubules, collecting ducts of kidneys

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What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

Protection, secretion, absorption

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What epithelial tissue type commonly contains microvilli?

Simple columnar epithelium

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Where would you find pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Lining of the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract

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This type of epithelial tissue functions to provide protection, secretion and move mucus with cilia

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium?

Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina

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This type of epithelial tissue provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack

Stratified squamous epithelium

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Microvilli, a luminal surface modification, is found where?

1) Striated border (intestine)

2) Brush border (kidney, intestine)

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These are closely spaced, finger-like projections

Microvilli

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This luminal surface modification is present in epididymis, vas deferens, sensory epithelium of the ear

Stereocilia or stereovilli

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These are described as elongated microvilli

Stereocilia or stereovilli

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Where would one find cilia in the body?

Trachea & Bronchioles
Oviducts
Other locations

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What is cilia? What is it made of? What does it do? Name some of its activity.

1) Elongated, motile extensions of the cell 2) Made of microtubules 3) Moves fluid and particles 4) Has dynein, ATPase activity

Epithelial cells specialized for protein production & secretion would have what?

1) Well developed rough ER 2) Usually display considerable polarity 3) Basophilia (RNA) 4) Abundant secretory granules are located apically- exocytosis

Epithelial cells specialized for mucin production & secretion would have what?

1) Well developed basal RER and supranuclear Golgi | 2) Large and clear apical secretory vesicles full of mucin (goblet cells)

What is a mucin made of?

Protein core | Glycosaminoglycans

What is a glycosaminoglycan?

Repeating disaccharide that is hydrophilic and becomes mucus when fully hydrated

In what organelle is the sugar moieties on a mucin added?

Golgi

What would you find in an epithelial cell that specializes in lipid (steroid) production & secretion?

Well developed smooth ER | Free lipid in vacuoles

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

Exocrine - use ducts to secrete | Endocrine - secretes into blood without ducts

In this type of exocrine secretion the product is delivered by vesicles, and exit the cell by exocytosis. Provide an example

Merocrine | Salivary gland

In this type of exocrine secretion the product accumulates and is released when cell undergoes apoptosis. Provide an example.

Holocrine | Sebaceous gland

In this type of exocrine secretion the product is released with small portion of cytoplasm in envelope of plasma membrane. Provide an example

Apocrine | Mammary gland

This type of secretions are viscous, slimy, glycosylated and can be found in goblet cells, lining of the stomach, and in the sublingual salivary glands

Mucus secretion

This type of secretions are watery, poorly or nonglycosylated and can be found in sweat glands, parotid glands, and the pancreas

Serous secretion

What two parts of exocrine glands are involved in naming?

1) Branching or non-branching of duction portion | 2) Shape of secretory portion of the gland

Another name for a branched duct?

Compound

What is it called when the duct is non-branched?

Simple

What are the names used to describe the shape of the secretory portion of the gland?

1) Tubular 2) Acinar (or Alveolar) 3) Complexity can be either coiled or branched

What is the function of support cells in connective tissue?

Produce abundant extracellular matrix that separates cells from one another

These are flexible with high tensile strength

Collagen fibers

What makes up collagen fibers?

Tropocollagen - triple helix made of 3 intertwined polypeptide chains

What does Type I collagen do?

In fibrous supporting tissue providing mechanical support and tensile strength

Where is Type II collagen found?

Hyaline cartilage

Tell me about Type III collagen

AKA reticulin, is delicate and forms a branched meshwork

Type IV and VII collagen contribute to the basement membrane, how?

Type IV contributes to mesh of BM | Type VII forms anchoring fibrils that link to BM

What does reticulin do? And what type of collagen is it?

Type III collagen. | Provides supporting framework, not bundled, mesh-like pattern or network in Lymph node and liver

These allow response to stretch and distention

Elastic Fibers

What produces Elastic fibers?

Fibroblasts and Smooth muscle cells

What are Elastic fibers composed of?

Elastin core | Fibrillin microfibrils

Where would you expect to find Elastic fibers in the body?

Trachea Mesentary spread Large artery Peripheral lung

What is ground substance?

Viscous, clear, slippery substance with high water content and little morphological structure

What is the function of ground substance?

Diffusion of nutrients and wastes, lubricant, barrier

What is the primary component of ground substance?

Proteoglycans | Extremely large molecules with a protein core and covalently bound GAGs

What does connective tissue support cells consist of?

1) Connective Tissue Fibers 2) Ground substance 3) Extracellular fluid

What is considered Connective Tissue proper?

Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue (irregular and regular)

Describe loose connective tissue and what can be found in it

Slender bundles of collagen, elastic, watery matrix | Fibroblasts, macrophages (histiocyte), mast cells, fat cells

Where can loose connective tissue be found?

Mesentery | Mammary tissue

This special type of connective tissue functions to cushion, insulate, store energy & water, can act as endocrine tissue (how?)

Adipose tissue | adipocytokines