Reward and Anxiety Flashcards
Who created the motivational and emotional systems and what are they?
Grey 1982 - BIS and BAS questionnaire
BAS = behavioural activation system
BIS = behavioural inhibition system
who carried out the twin studies to identify the influence of genetic and environmental factors on BIS and BAS?
Takahashi 2007 - found that genetic factors count for 1/3 phenotypic variance overtime but there is continuity
whereas environmental factors contribute to change and continuity
therefore individual differences of age period and temporal stability are more to genetic than environmental factors
what trait does BAS link to?
extroversion and also to novelty seeing (Cloninger 1987)
what 4 things was BAS compared to in order to discover individual differences and who carried out the studies?
monetary incentive - Hahn 2009
overeating - Franken and Muris 2005
brain activity - Beaver 2006
nucleus accumbens - Demos 2012
what was Hahn’s 2009 experiment?
neural response to anticipation is modulated by Grey’s BAS
Ps did a BAS questionnaire and a monetary incentive task
concluded that individual differences in reward can be predicted by differences in extraversion
what was Franken and Muris 2005 experiment?
looked at individual differences in reward sensitivity in relation to food cravings and body weight
tested the link between BAS and BMI
what was Beaver’s 2006 experiment?
looked at the link between BAS and brain activity
found that there is not 1 reward system in the brain but a number of underlying reward networks
BAS scores were strongly correlated to response to appetising food therefore BAS = main predictor of neural activity in reward system in response to appetising food
what was Demos 2012 experiment?
individual differences in the NucAcc activity to food and sexual images predict weight gain and sexual behaviour
measured brain response to food and sexual images
summary of Grey’s BAS (3 points)
concept of BAS = useful to identify how reward motivates individuals
BAS predicts behaviour and brain activity
individual differences in reward network activity predicts individual differences in behaviour
anxiety is the interaction between what?
hippocampus and amygdala
what can BIS scores be used to predict?
the diagnosis of the generalised anxiety disorder
who studied brain regions in relation to BIS on humans?
Barros-Lescertalos 2006
used MRI to test neural substrates of behavioural inhibitions relating brain regions with BIS questionnaire
found that BIS activity associated with increased amygdala and hippocampal volume and that both are positively correlated to sensitivity to punishment
small hippocampi related to
depression
what is the link between oxytocin and anxiety
oxytocin reduces anxiety
low oxytocin means there is a larger hippocampi/amygdala volume therefore higher anxiety
Hahn’s monetary task and BIS
cue before each trial as to whether there is a loss and whether it is small/large
found that both small and large loss caused amygdala/hippocampal activation
therefore more sensitive to punishment = greater link between hippocampal/amygdala activation
