Revolutions Vocab Flashcards
Latin American Independence Movements
-Political revolutions in various Latin American countries starting late 18th century aimed at overthrowing controlling European powers. many were successful but few achieved success of American/ series of wars initially starting in Mexico and spreading through Latin and South America that resulted in the weakening of Spanish rule and their eventual independence
Simon Bolivar
-(1783-1839) Latin American revolutionary responsible for the ousting of Spain from much of South America during the 19th century. Considered to be most important figure in fright for Latin American Independence
Divine Right
-the justification of monarchy through the word of God/ the doctrine or belied a king or queen has received their power directly from God
Absoltism
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Seven Years War
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Maria Theresa and Habsburg Austria
-an enlightened despot who ruled the Austrian Empire
Frederick the Great and Prussia
-king of Prussia from 1740-86. enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria became Empress
Peter and Catherine the Great
-1672-1725 czar of Russia, he was responsible for the westernization of Russia in the 1700s/ enlightened despot who ruled over Russia, she is responsible for many positive changed in Russia as well as securing a warm water port
English Civil War
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English Bill of Rights
-1689 a Bill of Rights written after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which placed William and Mary on the throne of England. the bill created a limited monarchy and established Parliament as ruling body
Glorious Revolution
-political revolution in Great Britain in 1688 that put William and Mary in the throne, while limiting the power if the monarchy and making Parliament supreme. this even marks the start of a constitutional monarchy
Enlightenment (age of reason)
-18th century Europe, the philosophical movement that led to change in politics, religion, and education/ a movement that stressed the importance of science and reason in philosophy and the study of human society
Bourgeoisie
-term given to middle class people in society
John Locke
-1632-1704 English philosopher and political theorist. He wrote Two Treaties on Government which explained that all men have natural rights which are life, liberty, and property, and that the purpose of government is to protect these rights
Social Contract
-theory of Thomas Hobbes that states that people form a social contract with government where that give up all of their rights for protection from other citizens
Jean-Jacques Rosseau
-1712-1778 French writer and enlightenment philosopher who wrote The Social Contract , where he stated that people are basically good, and that society and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of problems. believes that government should be run according to the will of the majority, general will, which would always act in the best interest of the people
Voltaire
-1694-1778 French philosopher , believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. he also spoke out against the corruption of the French government and Catholic Church
Baron de Montesquieu
-1689-1755 French Enlightenment thinker who wrote The Spirit of Law, describes what he considers to be the best government, states that government should divide itself according to its powers creating a judicial, executive, and legislative branch, explained that under this system would check and balance the others, which would help protect the people’s liberty
Franco-Prussian War
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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American Revolution
-Political revolution in the British North American colonies starting in 1776 that removed the colonies from Great Britain’s control, and established USA/ the war from 1775-1783 between GB and colonies which led to the independence of 13 colonies and ultimately the formation of the US
US Constitution
-document creating US government, based on Enlightenment ideas, ratified in 1788
Separation of Powers
a tool in government described by Baron which states that government should divide itself according to its powers creating a judicial, legislative, and executive branch. This system would create check and balance itself which would help protect the people’s liberty
Checks and Balances
-a system of government described by Baron where legislative, judicial, and executive power is shared among the different branches of government to provide protection against abuses of power
