Revolutions Flashcards
1
Q
Revolution
A
A forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in factor of a new system.
Types of revolutions include:
Political
Social
Religious
Scientific/technological
A revolution starts when people are not happy with the way things are or the status quo. People are most likely looking for a change.
2
Q
3 criteria to make a revolution
A
1) People are upset with the status quo and she needed for a change
2) people (or a person) must present a plan that seems better than the status quo.
3) plan is put into action and a change happens ( at least for a period of time)
3
Q
Renaissance
A
- French for rebirth
- It was a social movement that strated in Italy in the 1300’s and spread to parts of Northern Europe like France, Germany, England, Spain and other countries in the 1400’s.
- brought a big change to art, literature, and education
- changes can still be seen today
4
Q
Humanism
A
- A cultural movement during the Renaissance
- focused on the study of the classical works for literature from the ancient world.
- Humanists believed that learning a variety of topics led to a better life on earth, rather than focusing solely on getting into heaven.
5
Q
Classical Scholarship
A
People reintroduced the liberal arts such as, the study of grammar, music, logic, arithmetic, and more People returned to studying the classical world of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
6
Q
Secularism
A
- The idea that religion should not be human’s main focus
- This idea became during the Renaissance
7
Q
Tragic Necessity
A
Something tragic occurred but was needed for a necessary change to the status quo. It could be for a greater good but there still will be negative consequences. Tragic necessity is clearly connected to historical perspective.
8
Q
individualism
A
- The idea that an individual was more important than the larger community.
- Artists, architects, and composers were able to move away from religious topics and explore human potential.
9
Q
Christian Humanism
A
- Focus on the history of Christianity and Jesus Christ’s law of love.
- The belief was that a good Christian should focus on their lives on love, peace, and simplicity.
10
Q
Leonardo de VInci
A
- The phrase “Renaissance man/woman” means someone with many talents. Leonardo was the original one
- He was a talented artist, engineer, architect, and music artist.
- Very interested in anatomy and dissected horses and human cadavers
11
Q
Indulgence
A
- An indulgence was a document given by the pope that forgave a person from the consequences of the sins he or she committed.
- Christians thought of this as a way to buy yourself into heaven
12
Q
Spanish Inquisition
A
- An Inquisition is punishing anyone who was believed to be a heretic or not Catholic
- The Spanish Institution was the most brutal one
- The Spanish Inquisition was led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who were responsible for funding Christopher Columbus
13
Q
Martin Luther
A
- Martin Luther was a priest who devoted his life to the church
- He began to question some of the Catholic teachings
- Wrote the 95 theses
14
Q
Catholic Reformation
A
- A movement when Catholic leaders knew that changes had to be made within the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestantism
- also referred to as the counter reformation
15
Q
Protestant Reformation
A
- The belief that a good Christian should focus on their lives on love, peace, and simplicity
- Focused on the history of Christianity and what they believed to be the law of love revealed by Jesus Christ.
- A religious revolution that worked to combat the corruption of the catholic church at the time
16
Q
95 theses
A
- 95 complaints written by Martin Luther for the Catholic Church
- Many of these complaints argued against the selling of indulgences.
- Luther decided to nail these complaints to the church door
17
Q
Scientific Revolution
A
- The series of events that led to modern science
- This was caused by people starting to question many concepts of their lives such as their culture, art, their purpose in the world, and the literal world itself.
- It occurred between 1540 and 1700 in Europe
- Many major astronomical, physical, and biological discoveries were made during this time that lead to our understanding of the world today.
18
Q
Scientific Method
A
- Made by two men named Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
- 7 steps to conduct a reliable science experiment
- These are the 7 steps
1) Think about a problem or develop a purpose question
2) Research/ Observe/ Provide previous knowledge
3) Come up with a Hypothesis
4) Conduct the Experiment
5) Collect and Analyze the Data
6) Develop the Conclusion
7) Further questioning
19
Q
Ptolemy
A
- A famous Greek thinker who wrote about astronomy and geography in ancient times.
- Came up with the Geocentric Theory which was the theory that the sun and all of the planets revolved around the Earth
- People believed this theory for over 1,000 years
- Before the Scientific Revolution the Catholic Church agreed with Ptolemy’s theory because the belief was that God had made human beings the center of everything and so the earth must be the center of the solar system.
20
Q
Nicolaus Copernicus
A
- Wrote “On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres”
- This book contradicted the Geocentric Theory
- The book was published in 1543
- Said that all the planets revolve around the Earth
- Died before he could prove his theory
21
Q
Galileo Galilei
A
- Proved Nicolaus Copernicus’ theory
- Italian Scientist
- He was the first to see craters and mountains on the moon.
22
Q
Sir Issac Newton
A
- Wrote “Principia Mathematica”
- Believed to be one of the greatest scientists who ever lived
- Discovered the law of gravity
23
Q
King Louis XVI
A
- Squandered the
wealth of France and brought it to the brink of
bankruptcy - Viewed as a weak leader
- The royal treasures were drained, two decades of poor harvests, drought, cattle disease and extremely high prices caused chaos with the peasants in the country.
24
Q
Marie Antoinette
A
- Queen of France during revolution
- King Louis XVI often followed the advice from her, even if the advice was poor
- Was given expensive gifts, travels, and servants
25
Jacobins
- Lead attacks on royal homes in Paris
- Arrested the king in August 1792.
- Took control of the National Convention in 1793
- Created Reign of Terror
26
Reign of Terror
- A cruel system of justice
- Nearly lasted a year
- During this time, suspected enemies of the revolution were murdered.
- Thousands of citizens were killed
- These murders were under the orders of Robespierre, but he died in July, 1794.
- His death ended the Reign of Terror
27
Guillotine
- A instrument to kill people as a punishment
- 16,000 people were killed with this device
- People thought this was a fair way to be killed because it was painless and "fair"
28
Napoleon Bonaparte
- Gained power in 1799 after he was a successful military leader
- First Consul 1799-1804
- Emperor 1804-1815
29
National Assembly
- A group of people from the Third Estate meet together and had meetings
- They met in a nearby tennis court
- During their time, they made what is called the Tennis Court Oath
- The changing of the Estates General and the Tennis Court Oath because the Estates General was a name that could refer to everyone and the Tennis Court Oath excluded some citizens from having a say in the government
30
3 Estates
- The three social classes of France (in the past)
- The Estates were based off of wealth
- The first estate what the clergy
- The second estate was the nobility (church officials)
- The third Estate was the peasants (everyone else)
- Each estate had different privileges
- The first two estates payed very little taxes, but the third estates payed almost half of their income
- The Old Regime gave the first and second estates the power for government, but the third estate did not have those same privileges
31
French Revolution
- People were upset because France was in debt
- People also wanted more equality
- Members of the Third Estate formed the National Assembly
- They made and Oath (Tennis Court) and said they would not stop until a constitution was formed
- After the protests, the Declaration of the Rights of Man was created
- Then, people started fighting. The Reign of Terror happened
- Then Napoleon Bonaparte gained power
32
Maximillien Robespierre
- Lead the Committee of Public Safety
- Hated anyone associated with the church or royalty
- Suspicious of anyone who isn't visibly with the Revolution
33
Industrial Revolution
- The process of change from handmade economy to industrial machine
- Started in Britain
- Caused people to move from rural areas to urban cities and live in crowded unsanitary areas
-
34
Child labor
- Child labor because many children could be packed together because their hands are small
- Many children will start working at 10 years old
-
35
Arab Spring
- People were upset with the corrupt authoritarian government poverty high unemployment and lack of political freedom
- Began with a Tunisian man lighting himself on fire in protest of the government
- This inspired young citizens to protest too
- People wanted the authoritarian rulers to get out of power
- After the death of Mohammed Bouazizi, (the man who lit himself on fire) riots happened in the country. (And nearby countries)
- after the riots, the country of Tunisia made a lasting shift to democracy but Egypt Libya Syria and Yemen, had Civil Wars.
- The Arab Spring also sparked terrible and long-lasting violence.
36
Mohamad Bouazizi
- Lit himself on fire in protest of the Tunisian government
- something that caused him to do this was because the government complicated his fruit cart even though he was innocent and that was the last of his money for his family.
- He inspired tons of young people to protest as well
37
Refugee
- Someone who leaves their home country because of danger or war
