Revolutionary War-Chapter 6

Question 1

the TURNING POINT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR as it finally convinced France to join as America’s ally.
John BURGOYNE was defeated by Horatio GATES (though it was Benedict ARNOLD that was the true hero);
American victory made possible by William HOWE’S decision to attack Philadelphia instead

Answer 1

Battle of Saratoga

Question 2

Continental troops spent the winter of 1777-78 here after being driven from Philadelphia
Those who survived the brutal winter conditions (almost 1/4 of the men died) came out of camp well-trained (Lafayette and von Steuben) and with a greater resolve than ever before

Answer 2

Valley Forge

Question 3

October, 19 1781 (surrender)
The Continental Army led by Washington and Lafayette (Rochambeau and de Grasse) surrounded Cornwallis and his 8000 troops on the Virginia peninsula.
the LAST MAJOR BATTLE of the Revolutionary War

Answer 3

Battle of Yorktown

Question 4

December 26, 1776.
Washington’s daring, all night crossing of the icy Delaware River followed by a 10 mile march to surprise the 1200 Hessians;
Washington’s first real victory of the war, and together with the victory at Princeton, highlighted the Ten Crucial Days that ensured the war would continue

Answer 4

Battle of Trenton

Question 5

January 3, 1777.
British general Cornwallis thought he had Washington trapped at Trenton and rested for a night.
Washington left the camp fires burning and marched his troops north during the night and surprised British troops the next day, earning his second victory in the span of only 10 days

Answer 5

Battle of Princeton

Question 6

an American diplomat to France; successfully arranged the French alliance in the war, then successfully negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Paris for the newly recognized United States.

Answer 6

Benjamin Franklin

Question 7

a battle strategy where one side escapes with the purpose of regrouping to become stronger and/or take the opposition by surprise. Washington used this successfully throughout the war. (Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, etc.)

Answer 7

strategic retreat

Question 8

full-time, professional army formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress; led by General George Washington

Answer 8

Continental Army

Question 9

government of the colonies during the war; adopted the Declaration of Independence and created the Continental Army under the leadership of George Washington, commander-in-chief

Answer 9

Second Continental Congress

Question 10

officially signed on July 4, 1776.
colonists’ intentions to separate from Britain and the king are made clear;
Thomas Jefferson argued that the king and parliament were an example of tyranny that needed to be overthrown

Answer 10

Declaration of Independence

Question 11

signed on September 3rd, 1783
officially ending the Revolutionary War and recognizing America as an INDEPENDENT nation; America also gained all of the land once held by Great Britain from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico (not including Spanish Florida)

Answer 11

Treaty of Paris

Question 12

British general forced to surrender his army at Saratoga, which became the turning point in the Revolutionary War

Answer 12

Gen, John Burgoyne

Question 13

the commander of British troops when the war shifted to the south; his capture at the Battle of Yorktown signified the end of the war

Answer 13

Gen. Charles Cornwallis

Question 14

German mercenaries hired and paid by the British to aid them in the Revolutionary War; some of the best-trained soldiers in the world

Answer 14

Hessians

Question 15

the patriot hero at Saratoga; a brave and capable leader who later becomes a traitor because of feeling underappreciated

Answer 15

Benedict Arnold

Question 16

French general who commanded the French army that eventually joined the American Revolution, most notably at the siege of Yorktown, helping Washington to trap Cornwallis on the peninsula [NOT Lafayette … the other guy :)]

Answer 16

Comte de Rochambeau

Question 17

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence;
fought ferociously against the patriots in many battles, especially in the South

Answer 17

loyalist

Question 18

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Answer 18

patriot

Question 19

a professional soldier hired by a foreign army; Hessians hired by the the British to fight in the Revolutionary War are considered mercenaries

Answer 19

mercenary

Question 20

British commanding general at the start of the American Revolution; He lost his command after making the fateful mistake to attack Philadelphia, abandoning the plan to take Saratoga and seize control of the Hudson River;
his decision changed the entire landscape of the war as America won at Saratoga and France soon entered the war as a U.S. ally, rendering Howe’s capture of Philadelphia meaningless

Answer 20

William Howe

Question 21

(December 25 - January 3, 1776) period of time marked by two American victories (Trenton and Princeton); saving the war for Washington and the Continental Army

Answer 21

Ten Crucial Days

Question 22

1. the preeminent world superpower; strongest military empire in the world at the time
2. strongest navy in the world
3. military training and experience
4. money, supplies, munitions factories
5. Hessian mercenaries

Answer 22

British Advantages

Question 23

1. a cause worth fighting for; freedom from tyranny, liberty, etc.
2. fighting to defend everything they hold dear; families, wives, children, homes and farms
3. knowledge of the land and terrain; “home-field advantage”
4. effective strategy of retreat employed by Washington
5. guerrilla warfare tactics able to be effectively carried out because of #3 above
6. eventually gaining allies; especially France, turning a small rebellion into a world war

Answer 23

American Advantages

Question 24

French soldier who joined General Washington’s staff and became a general in the Continental Army;
became one of Washington’s most trusted friends and contributed to the planning and eventual capture of the British at Yorktown, effectively ending the war

Answer 24

Marquis de Lafayette

Question 25

American General who was given command at the Battles of Saratoga;
took credit for the important victory at Bemis Heights, even though it is widely known that Benedict Arnold was the true leader of the army that day

Answer 25

Horatio Gates

Question 26

Continental militia leader
a master of guerrilla warfare, played a key role in the Battles of Saratoga

Answer 26

Daniel Morgan

Question 27

known as “Molly Pitcher” because she carried fresh water to the soldiers in battle (McCauley);
stood in for her husband when he was injured at the Battle of Monmouth (Corbin);
perhaps a bit of a folktale; history suggests Molly Pitcher is NOT a single person but an amalgam of women in the revolution (McCauley and Margaret Corbin are the most often identified - see page 233 in the textbook for their stories)

Answer 27

Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley

Question 28

American naval commander in the American Revolution; known as the “Father of the American Navy’

Answer 28

John Paul Jones

Question 29

form of irregular warfare in which small groups of soldiers use military tactics including ambushes, raids, hit-and-run tactics, etc. in order to effectively combat a larger, less-mobile traditional military
Francis Marion and Daniel Morgan were two well-known guerrilla leaders for the American army

Answer 29

guerrilla warfare

Question 30

patriot leader in the war in the south; aka the “swamp fox” because of his sneak attacks in the Carolina lowlands

Answer 30

Francis Marion

Question 31

commander-in-chief of the Continental Army; led the new nation to victory over the British monarchy and helped lead the new republic as the first president under the Constitution when he was elected in 1789

Answer 31

George Washington

Question 32

America’s most important ally in the war

Answer 32

France

Question 33

defined as the “cockpit of the rebellion”; British believed crushing the rebellion in New England would bring a swift end to the war

Answer 33

Boston

Question 34

the British goal was to capture it and isolate the New England colonies; the American victory at Saratoga ensured that this would not happen so the war shifted to the South

Answer 34

Hudson River

Question 35

the two battles fought for control of Philadelphia (September/October 1777); Howe defeats Washington, taking the city and forcing Washington’s army to Valley Forge for the winter

Answer 35

Battles of Brandywine and Germantown

Question 36

how the Continental Army was described in the documentary;
an army fighting to overthrow a monarchy and establish a system of self-government they believe had been taken away from them

Answer 36

“army of young republicans”

Question 37

Prussian soldier who became a major general in the Continental Army; helped train American forces during the harsh winter at Valley Forge, especially in the essentials of military drills, tactics, discipline and the use of the bayonet.

Answer 37

Baron Friedrich von Steuben

Question 38

a philosophy of limited government with elected representatives whose power is based on the “consent of the governed”;
the principle of self-government for which the American Revolution was fought

Answer 38

Republicanism

Question 39

the political capital of the Revolution; home of the Second Continental Congress and the Declaration of Independence (the reason your basketball team is named the 76ers); the lure of capturing this city is what changed the entire course of the war

Answer 39

Philadelphia

Question 40

inspired by the ideals of liberty and equality expressed in the Declaration of Independence; a Massachusetts slave who sued for her freedom and won, inspiring that state to become the first to abolish slavery in the new nation

Answer 40

Elizabeth Freeman (mum betts)

Question 41

leader of Washington’s Culper Spy Ring

Answer 41

Benjamin Tallmadge

Question 42

French navy commander; sailed fleet into Chesapeake Bay to prevent British navy from providing aid to a besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown

Answer 42

Admiral de Grasse

Question 43

Spy network for Washington based in NY that helped get important information to Washington about the British movements. Used a complicated system to deliver messages (Culper Spy Code Book, invisible ink, etc.);
inspired the Netflix series, “Turn: Washington’s Spies”

Answer 43

Culper Spy Rings

Question 44

the systematic use of spies to get military or political secrets; Washington and the Culper Ring were able to “outspy” the British throughout the Revolution

Answer 44

espionage

Question 45

a young patriot and trusted aide to George Washington throughout the Revolution (became a ‘major general’); given a command at the Siege of Yorktown to help bring about the surrender of Cornwallis and the end of the war

Answer 45

Alexander Hamilton

Question 46

Influential leader and writer for the revolutionary cause; author of Common Sense and The Crisis

Answer 46

Thomas Paine

Question 47

steel blade affixed to the end of a rifle; Continental army received specific training using the bayonet during the winter at Valley Forge

Answer 47

bayonet

Question 48

a subordinate general to Washington in the Continental Army; captured by the British prior to the Crossing and Battle of Trenton; eventually dismissed from the army after his failure at the Battle of Monmouth

Answer 48

Charles Lee