revolutionary era/enlightenment

Question 1

Principia Mathematica

Answer 1

published by Newton in 1687, marks start of Enlightenment (calculus)

Question 2

Gottfried Leibniz

Answer 2

philosopher who invented calculus independent to Newton

Question 3

Rise of Napoleon

Answer 3

1804, marks end of Enlightenment

Question 4

scientific revolution

Answer 4

period where many modern sciences and maths emerged, emphasis on logic and reasoning, challenged ancient technologies from the Greeks

Question 5

Enlightenment ideas

Answer 5

emphasized evidence and reasoning rather than Biblical or ancient knowledge, humanism, natural rights and the role of government

Question 6

humanism

Answer 6

the belief that people are the center of things, not a god; and the value and wellbeing of humans is more important than divine intervention

Question 7

Adam Smith

Answer 7

Scottish, wrote “The Wealth of Nations,” theorized about a capitalist society, believed in self-interest and the “invisible hand” where businesses were regulated by themselves and supply/demand, not the government

Question 8

John Locke

Answer 8

English, wrote about natural rights and social contract, believed governments must exist to protect rights that came into existence when societies were created, “tabula rasa,” rule of law, life + liberty + property

Question 9

tabula rasa

Answer 9

belief of John Locke that people are born a blank slate and society shapes them

Question 10

rule of law

Answer 10

laws are decided by the people

Question 11

Rene Descartes

Answer 11

French, “cogito ergo sum,” Cartegian plane

Question 12

cogito ergo sum

Answer 12

“I think, therefore I am,” belief of Descartes that although we do not know what really exists, as long as we have thought, the one certainty is our own existence

Question 13

Cartegian plane

Answer 13

xy axes, represents mathematic equations as shapes on a plane to understand formulas

Question 14

Voltaire

Answer 14

French, civil liberties, free speech, religious rights for minorities

Question 15

Rousseau

Answer 15

French, social contract, republicanism, state of nature vs. civil society (governments must preserve the rights that naturally exist in nature while providing the benefits of a civilized society)

Question 16

Deism

Answer 16

religious philosophy that describes God as a “clockmaker” (clock that runs perfectly forever without needing to be fixed) who created the universe and is no longer involved in everyday affairs, not using religion to explain world, secular, American founders were Deists

Question 17

Great Awakening

Answer 17

revivalism in English colonies to turn America back to a more religious government, mostly comprised of marginalized people, opposed materialism and supported individualism

Question 18

materialism

Answer 18

desire for worldly things like money and physical possessions, people during the GA believed churches were too focused on this

Question 19

individualism

Answer 19

split from traditional churches that people during the GA believed were corrupt from materialism, opposed sermons that benefited powerful churches and supported people taking control of their own religious beliefs and creating their own church groups

Question 20

regions of GA

Answer 20

mid-Atlantic (Virginia-NY) and Southern colonies rather than New England (Connecticut and up)

Question 21

itinerant preachers

Answer 21

wandering preachers during the GA who did spontaneous, less organized sermons throughout the English colonies with large groups of strangers (supported Puritan-like religious fervor) (George Whitefield)

Question 22

New Lights

Answer 22

more radical group during GA, wanted to completely change church system and criticized materialism heavily (Jonathan Edwards)

Question 23

Old Lights

Answer 23

more conservative group during GA, accepting of some materialism and thought New Lights were too radical

Question 24

George Whitefield

Answer 24

popular and engaging itinerant preacher, founded Methodist movement

Question 25

Jonathan Edwards

Answer 25

wanted to show parishioners (people who attended his church) the condition of their soul, promoted predestination and freaked everyone in his congregation out

Question 26

predestination

Answer 26

Calvinist belief that God can’t be surprised about whether you go to heaven or hell; it is predetermined whether you will be good or bad and people aren’t deserving of heaven (God’s grace keeps you from hell despite people not being worthy)

Question 27

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 27

educated renaissance man, philosopher, had children with Sally Hemings and owned his own children, dug up Native American graves to figure out how they lived (Enlightenment selfish exploration), feared slave revolt

Question 28

Children follow the condition of the mother

Answer 28

inherited slavery; if one of your parents was enslaved you would be enslaved with no way out

Question 29

Query 18

Answer 29

from TJ’s “Notes on the State of VA,” said slavery is bad because it makes white people tyrants and would cause a slave revolt, children who grew up seeing slavery would become tyrannical like British and get overthrown

Question 30

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 30

believed in importance of literacy so people could understand his chart of virtues, disappointed in his church because it didn’t focus on morality, believed you must get into good habits instead of just knowing right from wrong, his virtues were about moderation and a few moral faults are normal

Question 31

Crevecoeur

Answer 31

“Letters from an American Farmer” believed in importance of owning land in America which was what set it apart from Europe and allowed even poor farmers to keep their own crops, your country = the country that serves you, America is very diverse and people are shaped by their environment, didn’t approve of hunter/gatherers because they lived too much like Natives and he was racist

Question 32

Thomas Paine

Answer 32

Common Sense, America should break from Britain because it causes tensions with it and other countries for trade and alliances, America isn’t all British people, called for all of mankind to speak up against British taking rights from Americans because it’s a worldwide issue, Britain isn’t mother country because America is so diverse and doesn’t need Britain anymore

Question 33

Fed 1- Hamilton

Answer 33

intro to Fed Papers, called for people to think logically about what is best for country rather than being swayed by fear spread by Antifeds, claimed Antifeds wanted to keep power in states and were selfish

Question 34

Fed 10- Madison

Answer 34

creating factions is a right that can’t be taken away, large republic is best way to control negative effects of factions because they will outcompete each other/not be able to organize properly to get anything done, in a large republic there are more people who must approve representatives so they will likely have their best interest in mind, in a small republic the majority always wins

Question 35

Trasatlantic slave trade early history

Answer 35

in 1400s, West Africa had power over Portuguese and voluntarily engaged in slave trade with them from the already-existing African trade, only about 800 slaves per year

Question 36

Native American labor

Answer 36

colonizers used Native Americans for labor first but they kept dying so they turned to African slavery

Question 37

total African slave count to Americas

Answer 37

9-10 million

Question 38

Chattel slavery

Answer 38

inherited; hard, physical work; slaves treated as property rather than people; race-based; chattel = like animals

Question 39

sugar cane

Answer 39

Caribbean and Brazil, not on mainland Americas, very profitable because of growing European middle class during Industrial Revolution (chocolate for women, coffee/tea for managers/brains behind factories

Question 40

sugar cane plantations

Answer 40

most physically difficult work for slaves, harvested all day and processed all night, life expentancy of 3 years, not self-sustaining because so many people died

Question 41

English Parliament involvement in slave trade

Answer 41

Parliament supported it and knew what was happening, spread from Barbados in 1650s to Jamaica and US

Question 42

slave populations in US vs Caribbean/South America

Answer 42

slaves made up much more of the populations in Caribbean and South America because sugar required so much work

Question 43

conspicuous consumption

Answer 43

buying things for the purpose of being seen buying them; upper middle class in Europe did this with things like chocolate

Question 44

abolishment of transatlantic slave trade

Answer 44

1807 by Britain and enforced by British navy

Question 45

slave narratives

Answer 45

promoted abolitionism, targeted middle class, Christian, female northerners because southerners were very unlikely to think slavery was bad/vote against their economy, often began with minister vouching for legitimacy of person’s writing and experiences

Question 46

Cornerstone Speech

Answer 46

slavery is the cornerstone of a morally right society, Alexander Stevens

Question 47

Olaudah Equiano

Answer 47

wrote slave narrative detailing differences between African house slavery and transatlantic slavery, “written by himself” because white people assumed his unintelligence, taken to slave ships by Africans with European connections, called out white people who called themselves Christians for their treatment which bothered them more than their actual treatment of slaves