Revision Tests Flashcards by Jessica SLATTERY

A katabatic wind-

A downslope of cold air

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The surface wind around an area of low pressure in the southern hemisphere-

Clockwise and inwards

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If the wind direction changes in a clockwise direction it is said to-

Veer

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The Coriolis force in the southern hemisphere acts-

At right angles to the direction of the wind, causing a deflection to the left

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A land sea breeze is a wind that blows from the-

Land to sea during the night

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Close isobars mean-

Strong winds

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A wind caused by uneven heating in coastal regions flows-

From the sea by day and from the land at night

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If the forecast wind is 030/20kt, it will blow-

From 030T

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When flying towards a low in the southern hemisphere, an aircraft would experience-

Left Drift

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Within the friction layer, with increasing height, the wind-

Backs

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If you stand with your back to the wind in the southern hemisphere, the region of low pressure will be-

On your right

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The friction layer extends up to about-

3000ft

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With the passage of a cold front in the southern hemisphere-

What happens to:

Wind
Temperature
Pressure

The wind backs, the temperature falls and the pressure rises

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Warm fronts always lie along ridges and cold fronts always lie along troughs- TRUE OR FALSE

False

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A cold front usually lies along a-

Trough of low pressure

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A cold air mass is characterized by-

Unstable conditions, cumuliform cloud

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A defined boundary between two air masses is called a

Front

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Warm air masses are characterized by-

Stable and hazy conditions

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A cold front is a zone where-

Cold air is displacing warm air at the surface

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A warm front is a zone where-

Warm air slides over cold air at the surface

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With the passage of a warm front in the southern hemisphere-

The wind backs, the temperature rises and the pressure fall decreases

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Following the passage of a warm front, the most likely weather scenario would be-

Nil significant weather

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The approach of a warm front would be indicated by-

High level cloud, followed by mid level cloud and eventually extensive nimbostratus

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Frontal thunderstorms would be triggered-

By the passage of a cold front

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The North West Monsoon-

Brings unstable moist air to Darwin

The inter tropic convergence zone is a boundary between-

Airstreams originating in the northern and southern hemisphere

The inter tropic convergence zone is found near-

The equator

The major hazard of a tropical cyclone to an aircraft is-

Severe turbulence

A strong wind across a mountain range will produce-

Strong down currents on the lee side

The cyclone season in Australia is from-

November to April

You would expect to encounter the most severe turbulence when lying at a height of 3000ft above the ground at a-

Rapidly moving cold front with unstable air

The approach of a tropical revolving storm is heralded by-

Falling pressure with increasing wind speed

The most pronounced thermal turbulence is found-

In the afternoon over land

If the air is unstable in the lower layers only, the following conditions could be expected-

Bumpy with cumulus cloud

The characteristics of warm air masses are-

Stable lapse rate and stratiform cloud

Cold streams passing over south eastern Australia are usually unstable because-

The surface over which they pass is warmer than the air

The pressure gradient force acts-

At right angles to the isobars, towards the lower pressure

The strength of the pressure gradient force depends most on-

The spacing of isobars

Coriolis force explains the tendency of wind to-

Turn left in the southern hemisphere

Surface wind, when compared to the gradient wind flow, is found to be-

Veered to the right and slower

Compared to the gradient wind flow, the surface wind over land will have-

Veered by 30 degrees and slower by two thirds

The term geostrophic wind refers to the steady flow of wind-

Along straight isobars

Anti-cyclonic flow occurs-

About a high in the southern hemisphere

Cyclonic flow occurs-

About a low in the southern hemisphere

A katabatic wind will tend to reinforce-

A land breeze

The variations in wind and temperature which normally occur with the passage of a cold front are-

The wind backs and temperature falls

A fohn wind is likely to result in-

A lower humidity in the lee of the mountain at low level

Describe a squall line-

A low cloud moving rapidly in the warm air ahead of a cold front

At which latitude would there be the greatest difference between the actual wind and gradient wind at 5000ft AGL-

5 Degrees South

Describe backing wind-

It is changing direction anti-clockwise

For katabatic wind to form there must be-

A surface inversion

Squall lines are most often associated with-

Thunderstorms

Surface friction causes-

A decrease in Coriolis effect

An aircraft heading directly from a high pressure system to a low pressure system will-

Drift towards the left

Conditional stability is said to exist when-

Saturated air is unstable by dry air is stable

Which conditions are most likely to produce fog-

Nil cloud and light winds

In what stage of a thunderstorm would lightening be most frequent-

During the mature stage

Where is hail most likely to be encountered inside a thunderstorm-

Between 10,000-30,000ft

In which conditions are thunderstorms most likely-

latitudinal heating of a fast moving cold moist air stream

Which cloud type is most likely to produce virga-

Thin Altostratus

What is most likely to be encountered in nimbostratus cloud-

Heavy continuous rain

The lifting of fog may be caused by-

Increase in wind strength

The most common way for cumulus cloud to form is-

Rising air being cooled by expansion

Which phenomena in a thunderstorm causes low level wind shear at some distance away from the cell-

Downdraught

Where are tornadoes most likely to be encountered?

With widespread severe thunderstorms

Latitudinal heating of a cold air stream produces-

Instability, possibly thunderstorms

A thunderstorm can occur well after a cold front has passed because-

The surface over which the cold air is passing is warmer than the cold air mass

Advection fog forms when-

Warm air passes over a cold surface

Thunderstorms are most likely to form when atmospheric conditions are-

Humid and unstable

A wind blowing up sloping terrain during the day could be-

Anabatic

A hazard at all levels in a CB is-

Turbulence

The main hazard posed to aircraft by airframe icing is-

Reduced aerodynamic efficiency

The type of icing likely to be encountered above the freezing level in stratiform cloud is-

Rime ice

The type of icing likely to be experienced just above the freezing level in a cumuliform type cloud is-

Clear ice

The formation of clear ice requires-

Large droplets and an OAT between 0 degrees and -15 degrees

The most severe airframe icing is found-

Between 0 degrees and -15 degrees

Two hazards posed to aircraft around a thunderstorm could be-

Turbulence and hail

The minimum OAT at which clear airframe icing would be unlikely is-

+5 degrees

When a thunderstorm is in the vicinity of an airport, one hazard preventing aircraft landing and taking off is-

Wind shear

Airframe icing is most likely-

With visible moisture at temperatures below freezing

The type of icing likely to be encountered in an orographic cloud when the OAT is -10 degrees would be-

Clear ice

The icing experienced when flying through the rain in temperatures below freezing would be-

Heavy clear

When avoiding a thunderstorm, horizontal separation should be at least-

20nm

While on an approach to land, an aircraft encounters an abrupt decrease in the headwind component. The initial effect will be-

A decrease in airspeed and an undershoot tendency

The most hazardous form of airframe ice is-

Clear ice

Clear icing in Australia is normally associated with the following clouds-

Large cumulus, cumulonimbus and nimbostratus

Before flight, the pilot notices a thin white crystalline deposit over the wings-

Should be removed before attempting to takeoff

Dangerous icing is frequently found in-

NS Cloud

It is safe to avoid thunderstorms by flying under them. TRUE or FALSE?

False

The white crystalline deposit of ice taht forms on all exterior surfaces of an aeroplane when water vapour turns directly into ice is called-

Hoar Frost

The troposphere-

Contains most of the water vapour of the atmosphere and the temperature generally decreases with height

With increasing altitude in the stratosphere, temperature-

Increases

The tropopause is-

A region 8km to 18km above the earths surface at which a marked change in temperature lapse is apparent

In the ISA, the tropopause is found at-

A height of 36,090ft

One of the major differences between the troposphere and the stratosphere is that the stratosphere-

Has almost no clouds

From the earth's surface, the vertical structure of the atmosphere is-

Troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere

The lapse rate in the stratosphere is due to-

The presence of heat absorbing ozone

The section of the atmosphere in which most weather occurs is the-

Troposphere

The temperature at the base of the stratosphere is the lowest over-

The equator

the temperature in the ISA tropopause is-

-56 degrees

Normally the diurnal range of temperature is greatest at-

Inland location

The diurnal variation of temperature is-

The temperature pattern over 24 hour period

Solar radiation passing through the atmosphere is-

- Absorbed - Scattered - Reflected

On an ISA day, you would expect the temperature at an elevation of 4000ft above MSL to be-

The sea-level temperature in the standard atmosphere is-

+15

The change of temperature for an increase in altitude known as-

The lapse rate

The primary cause of weather is-

Temperature differential

A line on a weather chart joining places having the same temperature is called an-

Isotherm

Radiant energy arriving from the sun is termed-

Insolation

Our weather is due to the atmosphere being heated mainly by-

Radiation from the earth

In the standard atmosphere at mean sea level, temperature, pressure and lapse rate equal respectively-

+15 1013 HPA 2degrees/ 1000ft

A line on a weather chart joining places of equal pressure is called-

Isobar

Atmospheric pressure is reported and recorded on weather charts in terms of-

Millibars or hectopascals

The pressure gradient is the-

Change of pressure with distance, measure horizontally at right angles to the isobars

The diurnal variation of pressure is-

The daily variation of pressure independent of that due to the movement and development of pressure systems

Below 5,000ft pressure drops at 1 HPA with an ascent of approximately-

30ft

Pressure may be defined as-

Force per unit area

The density of air is- Relationship to pressure and temperature

Directly proportional to the pressure | Inversely proportional to temperature

The sea level pressure in the standard atmosphere is defined in Australia as-

1013.2 HPA

The rate at which atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude in a column of air-

Decreases and is dependent on the mean temperature of the column

Before takeoff for a cross country flight planned at FL110, the altimeter subscale should be set to-

Local QNH if known or aerodrome elevation

What effect does density have on aircraft performance?

Good performance occurs when density is high

If the altimeter subscale setting is 1013 HPA the altimeter will read-

Pressure height

While in level flight with the area QNH correctly set, the altimeter indicates the aircraft-

Approximate height above mean sea level

Aerodrome level pressure is known as-

QFE

While cruising at or below A100, the altimeter subscale setting to be used is-

Local QNH of a point within 100nm of the aircraft or area QNH

The accepted relationship between pressure in hectopascals and height in the lower layers of the atmosphere is-

1 HPA/ 30ft

What is the relationship between pressure and altitude?

Increase in altitude results in a decrease in pressure

The QNH altimeter setting is the-

Subscale setting at which the altimeter indicates airfield elevation on landing

When flying from an area of high pressure into an area of low pressure the altimeter will-

Over read

The correction applied to station level pressure to obtain QNH assumes-

The density of a column of air extending down to mean sea level is independent of temperature at the station

The correction applied to station level pressure to obtain meteorological MSL pressure (Known as QFF) assumes the density of a column of air extending from the station to MSL-

Increase with a decrease in height and depends on the outside air temperature at the station

When a parcel of air becomes saturated and condensation occurs-

Latent heat is released

The relative humidity is-

The percentage degree of saturation

The dew point is the temperature-

To which a sample of moist air must be cooled at constant pressure for it to become saturated

When water droplets in the liquid state freeze-

Latent heat is released

The relative humidity is measured using a-

Psychrometer

A parcel of air has a temperature of +15 and relative humidity of 80%. A temperature rise of 10 degrees will cause-

The relative humidity to decrease

The water vapour held in saturated air is-

Invisible always

When the temperature and dew point are the same-

The relative humidity is 100%

The reading of wet and dry bulb thermometers at meteorological stations serves to calculate-

Humidity

The relative humidity is the-

The ratio of the amount of water vapor present to the amount that could be held in a sample of air

When the air temperature at a particular level is higher than that existing at a lower level-

An inversion exists

Warm air is rising adiabatically above a ploughed field, surface temperature +21. The dew point at the cloud base is +3. The cloud base and freezing level respectively are approximate-

6,000ft and 8,000ft

If the ELR is between 1.5 and 3 the air is-

Stable for dry air and unstable for staurated air

Above the condensation level the lape rate of rising air will-

reduce from the dry adiabatic lapse rate to the smaller saturated adiabatic lapse rate

An inversion results in-

extremely stable conditions above

Warmer temperatures above a colder layer of air indicates-

An inversion

When the ELR is greater than the DALR, dry air is-

Unstable

The dry adiabatic lapse rate is-

3/ 1,000ft

When the SALR is greater than the ELR, saturated air is-

Stable

The actual change of temperature for an increase in altitude is known as-

The environmental lapse rate

Warm air is rising adiabatically above a ploughed field, surface temperature +21. The dew point is +3. Allowing for the dew point lapse rate, the cloud base and freezing level respectively are approximately-

7,500ft and 7,000ft

The average rate of decrease in temperature per 1,000ft of height is approx-

An adiabatic process is one-

In which no heat is transferred into or out of the system

The area in which a tropical cyclone is most likely to form is-

over the pacific ocean near 15 degrees

During the mature stage of a tropical cyclone the central surface pressure-

Remains constant

The temperature at the base of the stratocumulus cloud is minus 1 degree. The cloud is 2,500ft thick and the temperature at the cloud tops is -5. Flight within the cloud is likely to encounter-

Rime ice

In which cloud type is clear ic most likely in flight above freezing level?

Nimbostratus

In the vicinity of mountain waves, the rotor zone might be located-

Under lenticular cloud

Slant visibility in fog causes-

The runway to be visible over the op but not in the circuit area or final

The situation in which clear icing is most likely-

Above freezing level on climb in large cumuliform cloud

The process involved in the formation of hoar frost is-

Deposition of ice directly from water vapour mixed with the air

The set of conditions most likely to produce mountain wave activity is-

A stable layer of air near the top of a ridge

The temperature range most likely to produce rime ice is-

-10 to -20

Clear ice is most likely to form on an aircraft flying in-

Thick altostratus cloud

The cloud type often associated with mountain wave activity is -

Lenticular and rotor clouds

The most likely cause of turbulence overland on a hot day is-

Thermal activities

The most dangerous hazard of a mature thunderstorm is-

Turbulence

Strong horizontal wind shear can be encountered-

Above a strong surface inversion

The onset of light wind beneath a radiation inversion will cause the inversion to become-

Weaker but deeper

Comparing visibility and turbulence above and below a subsidence inversion, it is found that-

Visibility is greater and turbulence is less above the inversion

There is little vertical development in the cloud within the southeast trades because-

The pressure of the trade wind inversion

The pressure system which gives rise to subsidence inversion is-

Anticyclone

Meteorological visibility refers to-

The greatest visibility prevailing over half or more of the horizon

The equatorial trough moves further north than it does south because-

The average surface temperature is higher because larger landmasses in the northern hemisphere

Low level jet streams can be hazardous because they produce-

Strong horizontal wind shear near the surface

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | If the Pressure in Perth is 1015HPA the pressure at Launceston (LT) would be-

1007 HPA

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | The gradient wind direction at Feature X in the Australian bight region is approximate-

225 Degrees

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | The gradient wind direction at Alice Springs (AS) is approx-

090 Degrees

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | Feature D-E is?

A warm front

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | If at location X in Queensland, the gradient wind velocity was 120 degrees T/15knots, the surface wind would be approx-

150/08

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | The line A-B is-

A quasi-stationary front

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | The pressure system indicated by the letter J is likely to move to the-

East

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | A subtropical ridge passes over-

Adelaide

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | Feature K is-

A low

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | The season in which the situation is more likely is-

Summer, because the equatorial trough is over the north of the continent

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | Feature C-D is-

A cold front

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | Feature N is-

An extra tropical depression

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... Perth and Taree are at similar latitudes. Apart from local effects and surface friction, the where the stronger wind would be expected is-

Perth because wind speed is proportional to isobar spacing

Refer to page 78 to answer the question... | A line drawn from J to B would represent a-

The sub-tropical ridge

Showers are associated with-

Cumulus

A cloud that forms on the windward slope of a mountain is-

An orographic Cloud

The following are classified as middle-level clouds-

Altostartus, altocumulus, altocumulus lenticularis

The process by which air is cooled to form a cloud in a low-pressure system is-

Convergence

Heavy continuous rain would most likely be falling from-

Nimbostratus

The following are classified as low clouds-

Cumulus, stratus, nimbostratus

Clouds classified as high level are-

Cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus

Cloud may form when-

Air reaches its dew point

Frontal cloud forms because of-

Upsliding and uplifting effects

If the air is unstable, the following conditions could be expected-

Bumpy with cumulus cloud

Thermal convection currents forming cumulus cloud are caused by-

The heating of surface air on a sunny day

Drizzle would most likely be falling from-

Stratus

If the extract ''ICE: SEV IN CB'' was read in a weather forecast it would mean-

Severe clear ice in Cumulonimbus cloud

Cloud heights in ARFORS are given as-

Height above mean sea level

Compared to daytime conditions, nighttime meteorological visibility is-

The same

Meteorological visibility is reported as the greatest distance that an object can be seen-

Over half or more of the horizon expressed in meters

Poor visibility due to smoke haze may occur near industrial areas with-

Anticyclonic weather, light winds, and a surface inversion

Radiation fog is normally thickest after-

Sunrise

TAF validity- | 0202/0214

From 0200Z to 1400Z on the 2nd of the month

The lifting of fog may be caused by-

An increase in wind strength

Radiation fog occurs most frequently with-

Light winds and clear skies

The term AUTO means?

The details were recorded by an automatic weather station

Reduced visibility due to dust may be produced by-

Strong surface winds and unstable conditions

RML RF00.00/018.2 | Rainfall last 10minutes is-

0.00mm

What weather situation is most favourable for the formation of fog-

Movement of warm moist air over a cool surface

If air is unstable you can expect-

Bumpy flying conditions and unlimited visibility

The term PROB30 means?

A 30% probability

A SPECI is-

A report that special conditions exist at the time of a routine report or that specified changes in the meteorological conditions have taken place

An area forecast indicates that the cloud will be BKN CU. The cloud amount expected is-

5-7 OCTAS

A report of a significant change in the conditions at an aerodrome is called-

SPECI

A TTF validity is-

3 Hours

The term CAVOK indicates-

No cloud below 5,000ft AGL | Visibility is 10km or more

The term NOSIG means-

No significant change is expected from the conditions reported in the METAR or SPECI

A pilot encountering in flight wetaher conditions that signifcantly differ from those forecast should broadcast a-

Short AIREP

In a TAF the cloud base is given at a height above-

The aerodrome

A SIGMET is-

Information relating to the occurrence of hazardous phenomena at subsonic cruising levels

A METAR is-

An aerodrome meterological report

The vertical visibility may be reported-

When the sky is obscured by phenomena like smoke, fog, dust or snad storms

Refer to the following TAF.... TAF YAFT 091932Z 0920/1008 15005KT 2500 DZ OVC010 TEMPO 1004/1008 OVC005 RMK T15 16 16 17 Q 1014 1015 1017 1018 The TAF indicates that for an estimated arrival time of 0300Z the lowest cloud would be-

Bases of 1,000ft AGL

Refer to the following TAF.... TAF YAFT 091932Z 0920/1008 15005KT 2500 DZ OVC010 TEMPO 1004/1008 OVC005 RMK T15 16 16 17 Q 1014 1015 1017 1018 At which time would the forecast temperature change to 17 degrees C?

0500Z

Refer to the following TAF.... TAF YAFT 091932Z 0920/1008 15005KT 2500 DZ OVC010 TEMPO 1004/1008 OVC005 RMK T15 16 16 17 Q 1014 1015 1017 1018 What time is the pressure forecast to be 1017 hPA?

0200Z

Refer to the following TAF.... TAF YAFT 091932Z 0920/1008 15005KT 2500 DZ OVC010 TEMPO 1004/1008 OVC005 RMK T15 16 16 17 Q 1014 1015 1017 1018 The forecast validity is-

From 2000Z on the 9th day of the month until 0800Z on the 10th day of the month

Refer to the following TAF.... TAF YAFT 091932Z 0920/1008 15005KT 2500 DZ OVC010 TEMPO 1004/1008 OVC005 RMK T15 16 16 17 Q 1014 1015 1017 1018 An overall description. of the weather conditions forecast for YAFT would be-

- Reduced visibiltiy - Drizzle - Overcast low cloud - Light winds

A trend type forecast (TTF) is valid for a period of-

3 Hours

A warning issued of winds over 40knots within 2,000ft of the ground level is called a...

AIRMET

Refer to following TAF... TAF AMD YYNG 120016Z 1202/1214 32015KT 9999 RA BKN010 BKN090 FM120400 25015KT 8000 RA SH SCT012 BKN025 BKN100 TEMPO 1202/1205 4000 BKN008 INTER 1205/1212 3000 TS SCT TCU040 RMK T 12 20 16 11 Q 1014 1012 1012 1013 The term INTER 1205/1212 indicates-

Variations in the wetaher for periods less than 30 minutes between 0500Z and 1200Z

From 0200Z to 1400Z on the 12th day of the month

Variations in the wetaher for periods of between 30 and 60 minutes

From 250T

4000Mt

0800Z

Between 0500Z and 1200Z

From 320T

For a period of less than 30minutes

Rain showers

A permanent change will take place rapidly at this time

800ft above ground level

A forecast

15kt

800ft AGL

3000mt

3-4 OCTAS of towering cumulus cloud at 4,000ft AGL

An ARFOR refers to-

An area forecast area

A METAR is issued routinely each-

Half hour or 1 hour

An area QNH is a

Forecast

A TAF refers to -

An aerodrome

Refer to page 94.... The forecast at MURRURRINDI GAP at 0320Z was-

5/8 to 7/8 Towering CU base 3,000ft AMSL tops 20,000ft

Refer to page 94.... The lowest forecast visibility in the entire forecast is-

3,000mt

Refer to page 94.... The forecast visibility at MURRURRINDI GAP at 0320Z was-

15km

Refer to page 94.... The forecast thunderstorms are most likely to be caused by-

Cold stream

Refer to page 94.... The forecast wind at A070 is-

from 60T/15kt

Refer to page 94.... The severe icing forecast in the CB is most likely to be-

Clear ice because of the larger supercooled water droplets

Refer to page 94.... The forecast OCNL MOD TURB BLW 5000 MON, would likely be-

Mechanical turbulence

Refer to page 94.... The lowest forecast cloud east of a line ARMIDALE/ NARRABRI is

3/8 to 4/8 of stratus base, 1000ft AMSL

Refer to page 96.... The term BECMG 2809/2811 indicates-

A permanent change will occur gradually from 0900Z until 1100Z on the 28th day of the month

Refer to page 96.... When issued, the period of validity of the TAF AMD YSWG was-

From 2200Z on the 27th Day of the month to 1200Z on the 28th day of the month

Refer to page 96.... For an estimated arrival time of 280530Z, the forecast cloud and justification would be-

SCT030 and BKN100 as the TAF AMD is the only forecast valid at the time

Refer to page 96.... For an estimated arrival time of 280800Z, the forecast wind is-

27015G25KT with VRB20G40KT possible between 30 and 60 minutes

Refer to page 96.... The rainfall recorded in the 10 minutes prior to 280530Z is-

0.00mm

Refer to page 96.... For an estimated arrival time of 280800Z, the chance of a thunderstorm occurring, written as a percentage is-

40%

Refer to page 96.... For an estimated arrival time of 281130Z, the forecast cloud and justification would be-

SCT010 and SCT030, with possible BKN015 and BKN060CB for periods between 30 and 60 minutes, as the TAF YSWG is the only forecast valid at the time

Refer to page 96.... For an estimated arrival time of 281500Z the forecast visibility is-

10km or greater, reducing to 5,000mt in rain

Refer to page 96.... The METAR YSWG 280530Z is-

Is an observation only and has no validity period

The wind description of VRB20G40KT indicates-

The wind direction is variable and the mean wind speed is 20kt with gusts to 40kt

The extent of coverage of a domestic TAF is-

It is valid for an area of 5nm from the centre of the airfield

The information contained in TTF?

Reports current weather conditions at the aerodrome of origin and appends a statement of the trend expected for the next 3 hours

Regarding the use of the term CAVOK-

Visibility 10km or more | With no shallow fog

Refer to TAF... TAF YSSY 272348Z 2800/2906 16012KT 9999 SK BKN025 PROB40 INTER 2800/2806 5000 TS SCT040CB RMK T 22 24 26 21 Q 1020 1021 1022 1025 Conditions forecast at 280800UTC

Showers from the cloud with a base of 2500ft

How to correctly present information in METAR-

The height of the cloud base is expressed as 3 figure group

``` GPWT Forecast... 3308062 3308064 3306646 3305038 3502521 0101009 ``` Information in data set is at FL300-

At FL300 the wind is 50kt from 330, with OAT of -38 degrees

The tropopause is defined as-

The division between an atmospheric layer in which temperature generally falls steadily with increasing altitude and a layer in which temperature generally remains constant or increases with increasing altitude

Clear air turbulence can occur in widely different circumstances, but there are some features that generally hold true. It is generally true of jet stream CAT that-

If CAT is encountered in association with a jet stream, a 4,000ft altitude change is likely to be sufficient to leave the area of CAT

Most jet streams are aligned roughly EAST- WEST. If CAT is encountered in association with such a jet stream, the area of max turbulence likely to be found in relation to the jet steam core is-

Below it and on the polar side

Thunderstorms occur in two fundamental types: fronts and air masses. The differences between frontal and air-mass thunderstorms are-

Strong down draughts close to the ground are more likely beneath frontal storms

The condition which presents the greatest threat of clear airframe ice forming rapidly is-

Cruise penetration of cumulonimbus with an air temperature of -5

The term which most correctly describes an accumulation of airframe icing on an aircraft sufficient to make a change in altitude desirable is-

Moderate icing

The statement which best describes conditions on board an airline transport passenger aircraft encountering moderate turbulence is-

The aircraft rolls and pitches but remains under control and loose objects move about. The attendants have difficulty walking

The visibility at an aerodrome is reported as 900 RVR. As you pass vertically above this airfield at 3,000ft you can clearly see the runway below. You make an ILS approach using a standard three-degree glideslope. the distance from the threshold you expect to first glimpse the runway is-

1/2 nm (i.e. ABout 180ft on final)

The set of conditions that would be most favorable for the formation of a thick radiation fog overnight is-

Clear sky, high relative humidity and light winds

The conditions most favourable for sea fog are-

Airflow from an area of warm water to an area of cold water

The conditions which would be most favourable for the formation of a low-level jet across southern Queensland are-

Early morning, clear sky, a high centred to the west of the great dividing range

The statement which gives the best set of atmospheric conditions required for the formation of thunderstorms is-

Unstable atmosphere through to high levels Some form of the lifting mechanism Abundant moisture in the lower layers of the atmosphere

The speed of a jet stream between South YPPH and YPAD as shown on SIGWX PROG #1 is-

Max speed 90kt

SIGWX PROG #1 | Conditions likely to be encountered between NZCH and NZAA are-

``` Moderate CAT between FL240-380 Individual CB with tops of FL350 Isolated embedded CB with tops of FL400 Severe turbulence Severe icing and hail ```

You depart an aerodrome with your aircraft altimeter accurately set up to the correct QNH. You observe that the aircraft is experiencing left drift. The effect on the altimeter reading, assuming that the QNH setting is not changed is-

The aircraft is flying towards an area of lower pressure and the altimeter will overread

During a stable approach to land, you encounter sudden difficulty maintaining the desired glide slope and you need to use unusually large variations of power to hold the airspeed within acceptable limits. The type of wind sheer encountered would be described as-

Strong

A pilot who encounters certain intensities of wind shear at an uncontrolled aerodrome is obliged to broadcast details of the encounter to 'all aircraft. The details which should be included are-

Aerodrome, type and degree of shear, and altitude of greatest adverse effect

The datum used in aerodrome forecasts are- - Cloud base - Wind direction

Cloud base is height above the aerodrome, wind direction is based on true north

The meaning of the term 'dry adiabatic lapse rate is-

The rate at which the temperature of unsaturated air changes as a parcel of air ascends or descends through the atmosphere (Approx. 3 degrees per 1,000ft)

Refer to the accompanying MSL analysis #1. At the time the chart was drawn (0300UTC), the central pressure of tropical cyclone 'Frank' is-

1,000Mb

Refer to the accompanying SIGWX PROG #1. You are planning a flight from Adelaide to Darwin at FL240. The type and severity of all turbulence (if any) that may be encountered at FL240 is-

Severe convective approaching YPDN and nil CAT

A situation in the atmosphere where the environmental temperature increases with height are said to be-

Stable

A strong convergence zone within the equatorial trough would probably lead to-

both frequent thunderstorms and steady rain

Runway visual range is observed for the takeoff and landing direction in use. The point from which this observation would normally be made is-

The touchdown point for the particular runway

During a stable approach to land, you encounter sudden hazardous effects on aircraft controllability and you need to use very large variations of power to hold the airspeed within acceptable limits. This type of wind shear encountered would be reported as-

Severe

The datum used in METARs are-

Cloud base is the height above aerodrome, wind direction is based on true north

TAF YSSY 010435Z 0106/0212 VRB04KT CAVOK FM011400 16015KT 8000 SH BKN008 SCT030 FM012300 23012KT 999 NO SIG WX SCT030 RMK T 25 21 18 12 Q 1012 1013 1014 1014 Describe the conditions at 012245UTC-

Wind 16015kt and visibility 8000mt

A TTF is an aerodrome weather report (METAR or SPECI)-

To which a trend is appended and is valid for 3 hours from the time of issue

Tropical thunderstorms occurring in the hours just before dawn are most likely to form-

Over the sea

The type of thunderstorm generally regarded as having the most severe turbulence-

Shear

A strong pressure gradient is normally associated with-

An area of strong winds

During approach, you find difficulty in keeping the aircraft to the desired flight path and speed. You observe that there are cumulus clouds in the vicinity and there is virga associated with the clouds. The cause of your difficulties during approach is most likely-

Microburst and you would report you are experiencing severe wind shear

A moist airflow over a mountain range in stable atmospheric conditions is likely to result in in-

A lower cloud base on the windward slope

The most favourable condition for the formation of dust storms near Adelaide is-

An approaching cold front with a high-pressure area to the East

You are approaching an airfield near the East coast at 1800 UTC. There is no cloud. The wind at 3,000ft is 260/30kt. The ATIS reported the wind is 290/12kt and QNH 1004 HPA. The most likely explanation for the change of wind velocity below 3,000ft is-

Frictional effects are confined to below a surface inversion and the wind at 3,000ft is unaffected by surface friction

Visibility, as reported in a METAR in the Australian region, refers to-

The minimum visibility over half or more of the horizon

An approaching idealized (fast-moving) cold front may generally be recognized by the accompanying-

Broken Cumuliform clouds and rain showers

The term which best describes an accumulation of airframe icing on an aircraft which may be sufficient to make a change in altitude essential is-

Severe icing

The most likely situation for the occurrence of radiation fog is-

An anticyclone with no cloud cover

The area of maximum horizontal wind shear associated with a jet stream will normally be found-

To the side of the jet core nearest the pole

``` TAF AMD YSSY 142215Z 1500/1606 30015KT 9999 SCT040 SCT100 FM150800 18018KT 9999 SH FEW010 SCT020 FM151400 20012KT 9999 SCT030 INTER 1504/1510 3000 TS SCT050CB RMK T 22 24 24 21 Q 1012 1010 1008 1008 ``` The forecast is valid for the period-

For 30hr commencing at middnaight UTC

Between 0800 and 1400UTC

At 0500UTC it will be 300/15 with the chance of short term variations if thunderstorms are present

The period of time a TTF supersedes a TAF issued for the same aerodrome is-

For a period of 3 hr from the time of observation

The datum's used in METAR are-

Cloud base is the height above the aerodrome, wind direction is based on true north

``` 2405557 2506554 2407550 2507544 2606530 2705520 ``` Which is true? 1. Temp at FL185 is colder than ISA 2. Temp at FL340 is warmer than ISA 3. Temp at FL380 is colder than ISA 4. Temp at FL445 is warmer than ISA

2. Temp at FL340 is warmer than ISA

Refer to PROG #2 Page 124 | What are the conditions?

Jet stream south of YPPH has a maximum speed of 110kts

Phenomena least likely to be associated with microburst?

Heavy continuous rain from overcast NS

Conditions that are pre-requisites for the formation of dust storms?

Land surface dry and dusty, wind at least moderate and an unstable atmosphere

the day conditions most favourable for the formation of radiation fog overnight are-

Clear sky, high temperature, high relative humidity

Lenticular clouds is likely to indicate the presence of-

Mountian waves

A mature thunderstorm is approaching the departure end of the runway in use. The greatest hazard to a heavy aircraft attempting to take-off is-

Down draughts

A parcel of moist (saturated) air rises vertically in the atmosphere. It will cool at .... per 1,000ft

It will cool at about 1.5 degrees per 1,000ft

The atmospheric condition where the DALR is greater than the ELR but the SALR is less than the ELR is known as-

Conditional instability or conditional stability

In January the subtropical jet stream likely to be located-

Near latitude 30 degrees South

Concerning forecasts in which CB cloud is forecast, the term FREQ means-

Many, with little or no separation

Concerning tropical cyclones-

They tend to form over warm seas beyond 5 degrees of the equator

A mature cyclone is moving due south in the southern hemisphere. The area of worst weather is likely to be located-

In the south-eastern quadrant

Clear air turbulence is often associated with jet streams. Concerning the relationship between jet streams and CAT-

The probability of encountering CAT is greatest if the jet is curved

You are approaching a westerly jet stream when flying south across Australia at FL390. the temperature at FL390 is steadily decreasing. You could expect to pass-

Below the jet core

In the vicinity of a westerly jet stream located at 30 degrees south CAT is likely to be most severe on the-

The southern side of the jet just below the level of the jet core

An MSL analysis shows a cold front between Tasmania and New Zealand. COncerning the stream flowing north behind the front-

Thunderstorms are possible in the stream because the stream will bring cold moist air rapidly over a warmer sea surface creating instability through latitudinal heating

TAF YPAD 292250Z 3000/0106 15010KT CAVOK FM301100 15001KT 3000 HZ BKN009 PROB40 3017/3023 0400FG RMK T 14 15 17 14 Q 1016 1014 1013 1014 Conditions of arrival at YPAD at 2230UTC-

Visibility could reduce to 3000m due to haze with a 40% probability of visibility reducing to 400m due to fog

Slant visibility in fog can cause-

The runway to be visible from overhead, but not in the circuit area or final

Clear icing is most likely-

Above the freezing level on climb in cumuliform cloud

The most likely cause of turbulence overland on a hot day is-

Thermal convection

Strong horizontal wind shear would most likely be encountered-

At a strong surface inversion boundary

A TTF is an aerodrome weather report- (METAR or SPECI)

To which a trend is appended which is valid for 3 hours from the time of observation

An aircraft is flying south across Australia at FL370 towards a westerly jet stream. The OAT is steadily decreasing. In relation to the location of the jet core, you would expect the aircraft to cross the jet stream-

Below the jet core

An aircraft departs from an aerodrome and flies toward a microburst located 1km from the upwind threshold of the departure runway. The order of conditions the aircraft would be likely to experience is-

Increasing headwind and improved performance, decreasing headwind, downdraught, sink, increasing tailwind

The tropopause is a significant boundary in the atmosphere. | The tropopause is defined as-

The division between an atmospheric layer in which temperature generally falls steadily with increasing altitude, and a layer in which temperature generally remains constant or increases with increasing altitude

CAT can occur in widely different circumstances, but there are some features that generally hold true. One such feature is-

If CAT is encountered in association with a jet stream a 4,000ft altitude change is likely to be sufficient to leave the area of CAT

Most jet streams are aligned roughly East-West If CAT is encountered in association with such a jet stream, the area of maximum turbulence likely to be found in relation to the jet stream core is-

Below it and on the polar side

Thunderstorms occur in two fundamental types: frontal and air masses. Regarding the differences between frontal and air mass thunderstorms-

Strong down draughts close to the ground are more likely beneath frontal storms

The set of conditions presenting the greatest threat of clear airframe ice forming is-

Crusie penetration of CB with an air temperature of -5

Refer to AIP GEN 3.4 appendix 2 section 2 item 12. The term most correctly describing an accumulation of airframe icing on an aircraft sufficient to make a change in altitude desirable is-

Moderate icing

Refer to AIP GEN 3.4 appendix 2 section 2 item 11. The best description of conditions onboard an airline transport passenger aircraft encountering moderate turbulence is-

The aircraft rolls and pitches but remains under control and loose objects move about. attendants have difficulty walking

The visibility at an aerodrome is reported as 900 RVR. As you pass vertically above this airfield at 3,000ft you can clearly see the runway below. You make an ILS approach using a standard three-degree glideslope. The distance from the threshold should you expect to first sight the runway is-

1/2 nm 180ft on final

The set of conditions most favourable for the formation of a thick radiation fog overnight is-

Clear sky, high relative humidity, light wind

The condition most favorable for the formation of sea fog is-

Airflow from an area of warm water to an area of cold water

The best set of atmospheric conditions for the formation of thunderstorms is-

Unstable atmosphere through to high levels, some form of the lifting mechanism, and abundant moisture in the lower layers of the atmosphere

When advection fog has developed, the condition which may tend to dissipate or lift the fog into low stratus cloud is-

Wind stronger than 15kt

Haze layers are cleared or dispersed by-

Wind or the movement of air

The feature associated with tropopause is-

An abrupt change of the temperature lapse rate

The cloud type associated with violent turbulence and a tendency toward the production of funnel clouds is-

Cumulonimbus mammatus

A clear area in the line of thunderstorm echoes on a weather radar display indicates-

An area where precipitation drops are not detected

When flying over the top of a severe thunderstorm, to avoid the risk of severe turbulence, the cloud should be overflown by at least-

1,000ft for each 10kt windspeed at the cloud top

The condition necessary for the formation of structural icing in flight is-

The presence of visible water

The type of precipitation indicating that supercooled water is present-

Freezing rain

The type of icing associated with the smallest size of water droplet similar to that found in low-level stratus cloud is-

Rime ice

A necessary condition for the occurrence of a low-level temperature inversion wind shear is-

A calm or light wind near the surface and a strong wind just above the inversion

The lowest cloud type in the stationary group associated with a mountain wave is-

Rotor cloud

The action recommended if jetstream turbulence is encountered with a direct headwind or tailwind is to-

Change altitude or course to avoid a possible elongated turbulent area

The action recommended regarding an altitude change to get out of jetstream turbulence is-

Descend if the ambient temperature is falling

The approximate true altitude is-

Indicated altitude corrected for a temperature variation from the standard

An important characteristic of wind shear is-

It may be associated with either a wind shift or a wind speed gradient at any level in the atmosphere

A common location for a temperature inversion is-

Above the tropopause

The condition producing the most frequent type of ground or surface-based temperature inversion is-

Terrestrial radiation on a clear, relatively calm night

Refer to the GIWX chart on page 132... A flight is planned Sydney (YSSY) direct to Townsville (YBTL) AT fl310 The conditions you may expect to encounter during the flight are-

Severe clear air turbulence and moderate clear air turbulence

Refer to the GIWX chart on page 132... | Concerning the speed of the jet stream located West of Perth (YPPH)-

The jet stream has a maximum speed of 120kt

Refer to the GIWX chart on page 132... | The height of the tropopause in the vicinity of Alice Springs (YBAS) is-

51000ft

Refer to the GIWX chart on page 132... | The significance of the symbol on the chart located at longitude 152E and latitude 04s is-

An active volcano

Refer to TAF... You are planning a flight which will arrive at YBRK at 0130UTC TAF YBRK 212259UTC2123/2208 10016G27KT 9999 LIGHT SHOWERS OF RAIN BKN025 FM220200 10015KT 9999 SCT035 FM212300 MOD TURB BLW 5000FT TILL 02 RMK T 26 29 30 24 Q 1015 1014 1015 1016 The maximum wind speed you could expect at the time of your planned arrival is-

27kts

Refer to the below message: TAF YAMB 211754UTC 2120/2208 19005KT 9999 FEW035 FM212200 13015KT 9999 FEW035 SCT040 RMK T 14 21 25 27 Q 1021 1022 1021 1019 TTF METAR YAMB 2123000UTC 15001KT 9999 FEW030 22/12 Q 1023 NOSIG The wind velocity you would expect at the aerodrome at the time 2330UTC is-

15001kt

Refer to the below message: TAF YAMB 211754UTC 2120/2208 19005KT 9999 FEW035 FM212200 13015KT 9999 FEW035 SCT040 RMK T 14 21 25 27 Q 1021 1022 1021 1019 TTF METAR YAMB 2123000UTC 15001KT 9999 FEW030 22/12 Q 1023 NOSIG The cloud amount and height you would expect at the aerodrome at time 0000UTC is-

1 to 2 oktas at 3,000ft AGL

Refer to RSWT on page 139... | For a flight from Sydney (YSSY) to Brisbane (YBBN) you would expect the temperature deviation from ISA at FL310 to be-

Refer to RSWT on page 139... For a flight from Brisbane (YBBN) to Mount Isa (YBMA) at FL350 the maximum wind speed you would encounter and the ISA deviation you would expect are-

140kt and ISA+10

The facilities provided by ATC radar in regard to storm warning advice are-

Limited weather radar observations at suitably equipped locations

An aircraft is experiencing strong westerly winds while tracking 180 degrees at FL370 over continental Australia. The TAT is increasing. To minimize the risk of encountering CAT the pilot should-

Climb

Refer to the following TAF.. YSCB TAF YSCB 021306Z 0214/0302 30008KT 9999 FEW030 BKN120 FM022300 33015G25KT 9999 RA FEW040 BKN120 RMK T 22 17 18 28 Q 1013 1012 1013 1015 At 030000Z the maximum wind speed forecast is-

25kt

Refer to the following TAF.. YSSY TAF YSSY 021036Z 0212/0318 35010KT CAVOK FM030000 02020KT 9999 FEW040 RMK T 23 22 21 23 Q 1011 1010 1010 1011 At 1800 UTC the forecast indicates-

No cloud below 5000ft or highest minimum sector altitude and visibility greater than 10km

The cause of winds flowing across isobars at an angle rather than parallel to the isobars is-

Surface friction

The type of altitude used when maintaining FL120 is-

Pressure

The altimeter setting local QNH is the value to which the scale of the pressure altimeter is set so the altimeter indicates-

True altitude at field elevation

The outside air temperature is +8 degrees C at an elevation of 1350ft and a standard (average) ELR (Temperature lapse rate) exists. The approximate freezing level is-

5350ft AMSL

A feature associated with a temperature inversion is-

A stable layer of air

The type of clouds forming if very stable moist air is forced upslope is-

Stratified clouds with little vertical development

The general characteristics of unstable air are-

Good visibility Showery precipitation Cumuliform type cloud

A characteristic of stable air is-

Stratiform cloud

The type of cloud expected when an unstable air mass is forced to ascend a mountain slope is-

Cloud with extensive vertical development

Characteristic of stable air is-

Poor visibility Steady precipitation Stratus type cloud

Stability characteristics of the atmosphere can be determined from measurement of-

Environmental lapse rate

The structure or type of clouds forming as a result of air being forced to ascend is determined by-

The stability of the air before lifting occurs

The variables likely to result in cumuliform type clouds, good visibility, rain showers and possible clear type icing in clouds are-

Unstable, moist air and orographic lifting

Unsaturated air flowing upslope will cool at the rate of approximately-

3 degrees per 1,000ft

A temperature inversion will normally form only-

In stable air

The beginning of the mature stage of a thunderstorm is signaled by-

The start of rain at the surface

High-level clouds are composed mostly of-

Ice crystals

Compared to the international standard atmosphere (ISA), the altitude and temperature of the average polar tropopause is-

Lower and warmer

Compared to the international standard atmosphere, the altitude and temperature of the average tropical tropopause is

Higher and colder

Concerning the height of the tropopause with the passage of a cold front at the surface-

The tropopause is lower after the front

The zone of transition between two air masses of different density is commonly referred to as a-

Front

A private VFR flight is planned for a route entirely overland. A weather forecast need not be obtained unless-

The destination is beyond the vicinity of the departure point

Lightning strikes on a metal aircraft are-

More likely to be harmful to the instruments than the occupants

An area QNH is routinely issued by the meteorological office every-

3 Hours

A VOLMET message is available to a pilot-

Through routine radio broadcasts

Turbulence within a thunderstorm cell is greatest-

In the mature stage because of the strong updraft and downdraft

When the dry-bulb temperature and dew point temperature have the same value-

The relative humidity is 100 %

What is most favourable for the formation of fog?

Movement of warm moist air over a cool surface