revision lecture

Question 1

what is health promotion?

Answer 1

the science and art of helping people to change their lifestyle to move towards a state of optimum health

Question 2

what are the 5 health promotion action areas?

Answer 2

build healthy public policy 
create supportive environments 
strengthen community action
develop personal skills 
reorient health services

Question 3

who is health promotion aimed at?

Answer 3

individuals, communities, organisations and populations

Question 4

what is health education?

Answer 4

involves some form of communication designed to improve health literacy and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and community health

Question 5

what is health literacy?

Answer 5

the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health

Question 6

what are the 5 models of health education?

Answer 6

medical, behavioural change, education, client centred and societal change models

Question 7

what is the principle of the medical model of health education?

Answer 7

promotes medical intervention to prevent or relieve ill health and overall aim to provide freedom from medically-defined disease and disability

Question 8

what is the principle of the behavioural change model of health education?

Answer 8

promotes attitude and behaviour change to encourage adoption of a healthier lifestyle and overall aims for individuals behaviour to provide freedom from disease

Question 9

what is the principle of the education based model of health education?

Answer 9

promotes providing of information about the cause and effects of health demoting factors and aims for individuals to have knowledge and understanding that they will act upon to ensure healthy living

Question 10

what is the principle of the client centred model of health education?

Answer 10

aims to work on the client’s own terms to discuss health issues, choices and actions, making the client empowered

Question 11

what is the principle of the societal change model of health education?

Answer 11

aims for a physical and social environment which enables choice of a healthier lifestyle and involves political/social action

Question 12

what must a dentist do to focus on the preventative needs of their patient?

Answer 12

recognise the influence of social determinants on individual behaviour
enable facilitation of skills development, access to information and resources
educate and influence decision makers
create enabling environments

Question 13

what does FRAMES stand for with regards to alcohol brief interventions?

Answer 13

Feedback about personal risk and impairment
Responsibility - emphasis on personal responsibility
Advice to cut down/abstain due to harmful effects
Menu of alternative options
Empathetic interviewing (listen reflectively)
Self-efficacy - enhance belief in their ability to change

Question 14

what are local delivery plan standards?

Answer 14

priorities set and agreed between the Scottish government and NHS boards in 2015

Question 15

which 3 settings did NHS boards agree to sustain and embed ABIs in?

Answer 15

primary care, A+E and antenatal

Question 16

what is the proven outcome of ABIs?

Answer 16

found to reduce overall alcohol consumption, binge drinking and alcohol related harm for up to a year

Question 17

what is the aim of an ABI?

Answer 17

to motivate and support the individual to think about and change their drinking behaviour, to reduce their consumption

Question 18

what should an ABI be?

Answer 18

a short, evidence based, structured conversation about alcohol consumption with a patient that is non-confrontational

Question 19

what do smoking brief interventions aim to do?

Answer 19

to trigger quit attempts and prompt smokers to seek support from smoking cessation services

Question 20

what should smoking brief interventions include?

Answer 20

simple opportunistic advice to stop
an assessment of the patient’s commitment to quit
an offer of pharmacotherapy and/or behavioural support
provision of self-help material
referral to more intensive support such as the NHS smoking cessation services

Question 21

what are the 5 A’s?

Answer 21

Ask - about the smoking status
Advise - about the advantages and value of quitting
Assess - how motivated the patient is to quit
Assist - those who wish to quit
Arrange - monitoring, follow-up or referral

Question 22

there are “5 R’s” to follow when a patient doesn’t want to quit, what are they?

Answer 22

Relevance - of smoking to the individual 
Risks - associated with smoking 
Rewards - of cessation 
Road Blocks - to stopping
Repetition - repeat at each consultation

Question 23

what 3 areas does the education model encompass?

Answer 23

knowledge, attitude and behaviour. It assumes that given the knowledge, attitude and behaviour will automatically change.

Question 24

what are the 6 stages of change?

Answer 24

pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse

Question 25

what are the principles of motivational interviewing?

Answer 25

expressing empathy, supporting self-efficacy, rolling with resistance, developing discrepancies (highlighting difference between where patient wants to be and where they are now)

Question 26

what communication strategies are involved in motivational interviewing?

Answer 26

open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections and summaries

Question 27

DARN

Answer 27

Desire - i want to change
Ability - I can change
Reason - its important to change because…
Need - I should change

Question 28

what are SMART goals?

Answer 28

Specific
Measurable 
Attainable 
Realistic
Time-bound

Question 29

what is empowerment?

Answer 29

enabling people to take control over their own health

Question 30

what must a person do to be empowered?

Answer 30

recognise their own powerlessness
feel strongly enough about the situation and want to change it
feel capable of changing the situation