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BGS Year 10 > Revision for Summer exam > Flashcards

Revision for Summer exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are microbes?

A

Microbes or micro-organisms are living things that are so small that they can only be seen through a microscope.

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2
Q

What are the three type of microbes?

A

bacteria, fungi and viruses

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3
Q

How can microorganisms be useful to society?

A

needed for decay, making alcohol, bread and yogurt and maintaining a healthy digestive system

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4
Q

What are disease causing microorganisms called?

A

Pathogens

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5
Q

What microbe causes HIV?

A

Virus

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6
Q

What is the transmission method for HIV?

A

Unprotected sex
Mixing of blood
From mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding

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7
Q

What symptoms are associated with HIV?

A

Initially a brief flu-like illness with swollen lymph nodes
Then range of symptoms

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8
Q

What is a prevention method for HIV?

A

Using condoms
Avoid contact with people’s blood

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9
Q

What is the treatment for HIV?

A

Antiviral drugs can slow actions of virus.

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10
Q

What microbe causes tuberculosis?

A

Bacteria

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11
Q

What is the transmission method for tuberculosis?

A

Infected person coughing or sneezing.

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12
Q

What symptoms are associated with tuberculosis?

A

Coughing, and coughing up blood
Difficulty breathing

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13
Q

What is a prevention method for tuberculosis?

A

BCG vaccine

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14
Q

What is the treatment for tuberculosis?

A

Combination of antibiotics

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15
Q

What microbe causes ringworm?

A

Fungus

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16
Q

What is the transmission method for ringworm?

A

Skin contact and sharing towels and bedding with infected person,
Cats and dogs

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17
Q

What symptoms are associated with ringworm?

A

Ring shaped pattern on skin

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18
Q

What is a prevention method for ringworm?

A

Avoid skin to skin contact and sharing towels and bedding with infected person

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19
Q

What is the treatment method for ringworm?

A

Antifungal medication
Good hygiene measures

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20
Q

What do microorganisms need to reproduce?

A

nutrients, warmth and water

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21
Q

What was the jelly bacteria grow on called?

A

Agar

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22
Q

What is a colony of bacteria?

A

Where initially just 1 bacterium was present a colony will grow. A colony will probably contain more than 1 million bacteria.

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23
Q

A step by step method on how to grow bacteria colonies?

A
  1. Keep the lid on one agar plate and seal it with masking tape. Label it control.
  2. Take the lid off the other agar plate and expose it to the air for 10 minutes. Put the lid back on and seal it with masking tape. Label the plate appropriately.
  3. Incubate the 2 plates at 25ºC for several days.
  4. Following incubation, observe the 2 plates (with the lids on and sealed!), and count how many colonies of bacteria have grown on the 2 separate plates and compare the results.
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24
Q

How can you tell how much bacteria is on the agar plate?

A

By counting the number of colonies

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25
Q

What are some safety precautions when growing bacteria?

A
  1. Do not touch, cough, sneeze or breathe on the agar plate when it is exposed to air.
  2. Do not remove the lids of the agar plates after they have been incubated.
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26
Q

What is non-specific immunity?

A
  • It is present all the time
  • It is not activated in response to a particular pathogen
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27
Q

How do eyes contribute to non-specific immunity?

A

*Tears wash out pathogens
*Enzymes in tears can kill pathogens

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28
Q

How does the nose contribute to non-specific immunity?

A

*Mucus traps pathogens, which are then swallowed or blown out in coughs and sneezes

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29
Q

How does the mouth contribute to non-specific immunity?

A

*Friendly bacteria help to prevent growth of harmful pathogens
*Saliva cleans and removes bacteria

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30
Q

How do the lungs contribute to non-specific immunity?

A

*Mucus traps bacteria and fungal spores
*Tiny hairs, called cilia, move the mucus to back of throat where it is swallowed

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31
Q

How does the stomach contribute to non-specific immunity?

A

*Acid helps to sterilise food

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32
Q

How does the intestine contribute to non-specific immunity?

A

*Friendly bacteria help to stop growth of harmful pathogens.
* Faeces contain over 30% live bacteria

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33
Q

How does the reproductive system to non-specific immunity?

A

*Slightly acid conditions in vagina and urethra help to stop the growth of pathogens

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34
Q

How does the skin contribute to non-specific immunity?

A

*Outer layer of skin is dead, which means it is a difficult environment for pathogens to grow on
*Cuts are the only way that pathogens can get through skin

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35
Q

What cells are involved in active immunity?

A

White blood cells (Lymphocytes and Phagocytes)

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36
Q

How does your body recognise a pathogen?

A

Its unique antigens

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37
Q

What are antigens?

A

protein molecules on the surface of every cell (including our body cells) that give it a unique set of characteristics.

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38
Q

Why does our body not attack our own cells?

A

It recognises our own antigens as being different.

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39
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

*Lymphocytes make specific antibodies that match the shape of the antigens on the surface of pathogens.

*Your body will keep a memory of how to make the antibodies, incase it encounters the same pathogen again. That is why we do not usually get sick from the same pathogen twice

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40
Q

How do phagocytes work?

A

Engulf and digest
Known as phagocytosis

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41
Q

What is meant by the term allergy?

A

Adverse reaction that body has to a particular substance.

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42
Q

Why might allergies be on the rise?

A

Pollution OR
The result of us living in a cleaner, germ-free environment (this reduces the number of germs our immune system has to deal with and so it overreacts when it comes in contact with harmless substances)

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43
Q

What is the name of the substance that triggers an allergic reaction?

A

Allergen

44
Q

What are some good examples of allergens?

A
  • Pollen
  • Dust mites
  • Nuts
45
Q

What system in our body does an allergen trigger wrongly?

A

Our immune system

46
Q

What is the name of the antibody that our immune system releases in response to the allergen?

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

47
Q

What does the antibody cause other cells to release, which helps to produce the symptoms of an allergic reaction?

A

Histamine

48
Q

What are some of the symptoms of allergic reactions?

A

Sneezing and wheezing/ Runny nose /Rash / Swelling /Itchy eyes / Vomiting and diarrhoea

49
Q

Who discovered vaccines?

A

Edward Jenner

50
Q

How did Jenner come up with they idea of vaccines?

A

He had heard that people such as milkmaids who got cowpox (a mild infection), never suffered from smallpox (a deadly infection

51
Q

How did Edward Jenner develop vaccines?

A
  1. He scratched pus from the blister of a milkmaid infected with cowpox onto the arm of a small boy called James Phipps. The boy became infected with cowpox.
  2. A few weeks later Jenner repeated the process with the same boy but used the smallpox virus instead. Fortunately, the boy did not get smallpox and the process of vaccination was developed.
52
Q

Why did James Phipps not catch small pox?

A

The antigens of the cowpox and smallpox viruses were so similar.

53
Q

Why do we usually not get sick with the same pathogen twice?

A

*After infection, the body keeps a memory of how to make the antibodies.
*Therefore, if the same pathogen enters the body again, the body will produce a greater number of antibodies and in a much quicker time compared with that of the first exposure.
*Therefore, the body is able to fight off the pathogen immediately, before the person has the symptoms of being sick.

54
Q

what happens an enzyme if the temperature is too high?

A

Denatures - it won’t work

55
Q

How is food used in the body?

A

The energy is released from the food in our body cells by a process called respiration.

56
Q

What is the energy released by food used for? (4)

A
  1. Growth and repair
  2. Heat
  3. Movement
  4. Protection against disease
57
Q

What are the seven food groups?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibre, water, minerals and vitamins

58
Q

What is the main function of carbohydrates?

A
  • Used as main source of energy.
59
Q

What is the main function of fats?

A
  • Used for food storage and insulation.
  • It will be used for energy when the body uses up its carbohydrate stores
60
Q

What is the main function of protein?

A
  • Used for growth and repair of cells tissues and organs
61
Q

What is the main function of fibre?

A
  • This keeps the contents of the gut moving (prevents constipation).
  • It also reduces the chances of bowel cancer.
62
Q

What is the main function of water?

A
  • It allows chemical reactions to occur, keeps you cool and transports wastes etc.
63
Q

What is the main function of minerals?

A
  • Help body to function properly. 16 different minerals are known to be needed in our diets.
64
Q

What is the main function of vitamins?

A
  • Help body to function properly and help keep the body healthy.
65
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

A

Sugar and starch

66
Q

What foods can carbohydrates be found in?

A

Sugars are found in; fruit and sweets
Starch is found in; bread, rice, pasta

67
Q

What foods can fats be found in?

A

dairy produce and red meat

68
Q

What foods can protein be found in?

A

fish, chicken, beans and nuts

69
Q

What foods can fibre be found in?

A

wholegrain products, brown rice, fruit and vegetables.

70
Q

What foods can water be found in?

A

drinks, fruit and vegetables

71
Q

What foods can minerals be found in?

A

mineral calcium is found in dairy produce and iron in found in red meat.

72
Q

What foods can vitamins be found in?

A

fruit and vegetables

73
Q

Balanced diet definition

A

a diet that contains all the 7 food groups in the correct quantities.

74
Q

Malnutrition definition

A

A diet that contains enough food, but doesn’t contain the 7 food groups in the correct quantities

75
Q

Starvation definition

A

When a person doesn’t have enough food to provide their body with its needs.

76
Q

What is the chemical test for starch?

A

Iodine

77
Q

What is the chemical test for protein?

A

Biuret reagent

78
Q

What is the chemical test for fats?

A

Ethanol and water

79
Q

What is the chemical test for sugar?

A

Benedicts reagent

80
Q

What is a positive colour change for starch test (iodine)?

A

Orange/brown → blue/black

81
Q

What is the chemical test for vitamin c?

A

DC PIP

82
Q

What is a positive colour change for sugar test (benedicts)?

A

Blue → green → orange → brick red

83
Q

What is a positive colour change for fats test?

A

Colourless → white emulsion

84
Q

What is a positive colour change for protein test (biuret)?

A

Blue → purple

85
Q

What is a positive colour change for Vitamic test (DC PIP)?

A

Blue → colourless

86
Q

What is the method for Vitamin c test?

A

Add drops OF food sample TO DCPIP solution.

87
Q

Definition of Digestion

A

The breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small, soluble ones, so they can be absorbed into the blood

88
Q

What is the function of the mouth in digestion?

A

This is where digestion of food starts – food is broken down by teeth and enzymes in saliva

89
Q

What is the function of the oesphagus in digestion?

A

long tube that food passes down from mouth to stomach

90
Q

What is the function of the stomach in digestion?

A

This is a muscular sac where digestion continues - food is broken down by enzymes in gastric juice.
Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria in food.

91
Q

What is in gastric juice?

A

enzymes to break down food

92
Q

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Kill bacteria in food

93
Q

What is the function of the small intestine in digestion?

A

This is where digestion is completed - food is broken down by enzymes in pancreatic juice and fats are broken down by bile

This is also where absorption occurs – following digestion, the food molecules are now small enough to be absorbed from the digestive system into the blood, where they then travel to different parts of body for use.

94
Q

What are fats broken down by in the digestive system?

A

Bile

95
Q

Where is bile sent from, and where is it sent to?

A

Sent from liver
sent to small intestine

96
Q

What is the function of the large intestine in digestion?

A

Reabsorb water. All that is left in the digestive system after absorption is waste – this forms the faeces.

97
Q

What is the function of the rectum in digestion?

A

This is where faeces are stored.

98
Q

What is the function of the anus in digestion?

A

Faeces pass out of the body through the anus.

99
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Enzymes are proteins and are biological catalysts

100
Q

What are two things that can affect how well an enzyme works?

A

pH and temperature

101
Q

What is it known as when an enzyme works there best?

A

optimum

102
Q

The heart is made from what type of muscle?

A

Cardiac

103
Q

How is the cardiac muscle different from other muscles?

A

It does not get tired

104
Q

What is the purpose of valves?

A

Stops blood from flowing backwards

105
Q

Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right?

A

The left side has to pump blood further and under more pressure to the body

BGS Year 10 (3 decks)

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