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S112 all topics > Revision For Exam > Flashcards

Revision For Exam Flashcards

1
Q

How do igneous rocks form?

A

Through crystallisation of molten magma as it cools through a range of temperatures.

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2
Q

What is a normal fault in regards to sedimentary rock?

A

A fault produced by stretching

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3
Q

What is a reverse fault in regards to sedimentary rock?

A

Fault produced by compression

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4
Q

What does UC represent?

A

Unconformity

Evidence of a considerable time gap between two sets of strata that are in contact

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5
Q

What does the necleus of an atom contains?

A

Protons

Neutrons

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6
Q

What type of charge do protons and neutrons have?

A

Positive

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7
Q

What are electrons? Where are they positioned?

A

They are the negatively charged shells that sit around the nucleus

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8
Q

How many electrons are arranged in the first band of shells outside the nucleus of an atom?

A

2

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9
Q

How many electrons are arranged in the second band of shells outside the nucleus of an atom?

A

8

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10
Q

How many electrons are arranged in the third band of shells outside the nucleus of an atom?

A

18

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11
Q

Do protons, neutrons and electrons have the same mass?

A

No protons and neutrons do but electrons are much smaller

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12
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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13
Q

How much is 1 mol?

A

6.02 x 10^23

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14
Q

What is the molar mass of a substance?

A

It is when you convert the relative formula (or molecular mass) into grams

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15
Q

What is the mass of 1 mol of hydrogen atoms?

A

The relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.01, so the molar mass is 1.01 g mol-1
So 1 mole of hydrogen atoms has a mass of 1.01 g

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16
Q

What’s the total number of bonds a carbon atom can have?

A

4

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17
Q

How many bonds does oxygen like to form?

A

2

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18
Q

How many bonds does nitrogen like to form?

A

3

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19
Q

What are areas above sea level called?

A

Topography

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20
Q

What are the areas below sea level called?

A

Bathymetry

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21
Q

How many continents is the area above sea level divided in to?

A

7

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22
Q

What are the 7 continents?

A 
Africa
Europe
Asia
Australasia
Antarctica 
North America
South America
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23
Q

What is the highest land elevation?

A

Mount Everest

8800 m

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24
Q

What is the lowest point on Earth?

A

420 m below sea level near Israel

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25
Q

What percentage of Earth is covered by water?

A

70%

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26
Q

Where do most earthquakes form?

A

Along faults (breaks in the earths crust) which are linear features from above but project underground

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27
Q

What Is the exposed portion of a fault plane called? (After an earthquake)

A

Fault scarp

28
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake?

A

It is the point of first motion on the fault plane which releases seismic waves

29
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

It is the point in the earths surface above the focus that experience disruption

30
Q

What reads seismic waves?

A

Seismometer

31
Q

What records the reading of seismic waves?

A

Seismograph

32
Q

What are the three types of seismic waves?

A

Body waves

Surface waves

33
Q

What are body waves?

A

Seismic waves that travel through the Earth

34
Q

What are surface waves?

A

Seismic waves that travel over the earths surface

35
Q

What are the two types of body waves?

A

P waves (for primary)
Compressions and dilatations
(Like a slinky)

S waves (secondary/shear)
Side to side motion
36
Q

What is the fastest seismic wave?

A

P waves

37
Q

What is the slowest seismic wave?

A

S wave

38
Q

What waves tend to cause the most destruction?

A

S WAVES

39
Q

How can the earth be divide in to separate layers?

A

The crust
The mantle
The core

40
Q

What are the different parts of the mantle of the earth called and describe what they are like?

A

Lithosphere - (not including the crust) the upper layer of the mantle
Asthenosphere - solid layer that deforms in a plastic fashion

41
Q

Is the core solid of liquid?

A

It has a solid inner part and liquid outer part

42
Q

How do the different physical properties affect the speed at which seismic waves travel?

A

Just as waves travel quicker through air than water … the same is for seismic waves

43
Q

What inner part of the earth makes up the greatest proportion?

A

The mantle

44
Q

What part of the earth is the crust made up of ?

A

The lithosphere

45
Q

What moves relative to the earths interior?

A

The crust and the lithosphere

46
Q

How thick is the lithosphere?

A

Around 100k but this varies

47
Q

What is focal depth?

A

How deep underground an earthquake takes place

48
Q

What is considered shallow focal depth?

A

<70 km

White dots

49
Q

What is considered intermediate focal depth?

A

70-300 km

Salmon pink

50
Q

What is considered deep focal depth?

A

> 300 km depth

Deep red

51
Q

What are the two types of earthquake distribution?

A

Abundance of deep focal depth earthquakes occur on some belts and on others only shallow

This is due to the tectonic boundary motion of the plates

52
Q

What are volcanoes?

A

They are places on Earth where molten rock reach the surface

They vary in shapes and size and activity

53
Q

Where do volcanoes occur?

A

Usually along plate boundaries in belts, but some do occur in he middle of plates

54
Q

Where does the most voltaic activity occur?

A

Under water in the ridges

55
Q

What is the name for when two tectonic plates move away from each other?

A

Diverge

56
Q

What is the name for when two tectonic plates move together?

A

Converge

57
Q

What does it mean when two tectonic plates are conservative?

A

They neither diverge or converge they move alongside each other

58
Q

What is weathering?

A

It is the term we use for the break of all rocks at earths surface due to the earths elements

59
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A community of living organisms all interacting with each other and no living components in the environment

60
Q

What are the three types of ecosystems?

A

Terrestrial
Marine
Freshwater

61
Q

Give some examples of terrestrial ecosystems ?

A

Tropical rainforest, grasslands, deserts, tundra and temperate deciduous forests

62
Q

Give some examples of marine ecosystems?

A

Mangroves
Coral reefs
Deep sea
Intertidal zones

63
Q

Give some examples of freshwater ecosystems?

A 
Ponds 
Rivers
Streams
Lakes
Springs
Wetlands
64
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Features or traits such as behaviour and external physical features

65
Q

List the food web from primary producer and up

A 
Primary producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Quantenary consumer

S112 all topics (10 decks)

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