Revision For Exam Flashcards
How do igneous rocks form?
Through crystallisation of molten magma as it cools through a range of temperatures.
What is a normal fault in regards to sedimentary rock?
A fault produced by stretching
What is a reverse fault in regards to sedimentary rock?
Fault produced by compression
What does UC represent?
Unconformity
Evidence of a considerable time gap between two sets of strata that are in contact
What does the necleus of an atom contains?
Protons
Neutrons
What type of charge do protons and neutrons have?
Positive
What are electrons? Where are they positioned?
They are the negatively charged shells that sit around the nucleus
How many electrons are arranged in the first band of shells outside the nucleus of an atom?
2
How many electrons are arranged in the second band of shells outside the nucleus of an atom?
8
How many electrons are arranged in the third band of shells outside the nucleus of an atom?
18
Do protons, neutrons and electrons have the same mass?
No protons and neutrons do but electrons are much smaller
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
How much is 1 mol?
6.02 x 10^23
What is the molar mass of a substance?
It is when you convert the relative formula (or molecular mass) into grams
What is the mass of 1 mol of hydrogen atoms?
The relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.01, so the molar mass is 1.01 g mol-1
So 1 mole of hydrogen atoms has a mass of 1.01 g
What’s the total number of bonds a carbon atom can have?
4
How many bonds does oxygen like to form?
2
How many bonds does nitrogen like to form?
3
What are areas above sea level called?
Topography
What are the areas below sea level called?
Bathymetry
How many continents is the area above sea level divided in to?
7
What are the 7 continents?
Africa Europe Asia Australasia Antarctica North America South America
What is the highest land elevation?
Mount Everest
8800 m
What is the lowest point on Earth?
420 m below sea level near Israel
What percentage of Earth is covered by water?
70%
Where do most earthquakes form?
Along faults (breaks in the earths crust) which are linear features from above but project underground
What Is the exposed portion of a fault plane called? (After an earthquake)
Fault scarp
What is the focus of an earthquake?
It is the point of first motion on the fault plane which releases seismic waves
What is the epicentre?
It is the point in the earths surface above the focus that experience disruption
What reads seismic waves?
Seismometer
What records the reading of seismic waves?
Seismograph
What are the three types of seismic waves?
Body waves
Surface waves
What are body waves?
Seismic waves that travel through the Earth
What are surface waves?
Seismic waves that travel over the earths surface
What are the two types of body waves?
P waves (for primary)
Compressions and dilatations
(Like a slinky)
S waves (secondary/shear) Side to side motion
What is the fastest seismic wave?
P waves
What is the slowest seismic wave?
S wave
What waves tend to cause the most destruction?
S WAVES
How can the earth be divide in to separate layers?
The crust
The mantle
The core
What are the different parts of the mantle of the earth called and describe what they are like?
Lithosphere - (not including the crust) the upper layer of the mantle
Asthenosphere - solid layer that deforms in a plastic fashion
Is the core solid of liquid?
It has a solid inner part and liquid outer part
How do the different physical properties affect the speed at which seismic waves travel?
Just as waves travel quicker through air than water … the same is for seismic waves
What inner part of the earth makes up the greatest proportion?
The mantle
What part of the earth is the crust made up of ?
The lithosphere
What moves relative to the earths interior?
The crust and the lithosphere
How thick is the lithosphere?
Around 100k but this varies
What is focal depth?
How deep underground an earthquake takes place
What is considered shallow focal depth?
<70 km
White dots
What is considered intermediate focal depth?
70-300 km
Salmon pink
What is considered deep focal depth?
> 300 km depth
Deep red
What are the two types of earthquake distribution?
Abundance of deep focal depth earthquakes occur on some belts and on others only shallow
This is due to the tectonic boundary motion of the plates
What are volcanoes?
They are places on Earth where molten rock reach the surface
They vary in shapes and size and activity
Where do volcanoes occur?
Usually along plate boundaries in belts, but some do occur in he middle of plates
Where does the most voltaic activity occur?
Under water in the ridges
What is the name for when two tectonic plates move away from each other?
Diverge
What is the name for when two tectonic plates move together?
Converge
What does it mean when two tectonic plates are conservative?
They neither diverge or converge they move alongside each other
What is weathering?
It is the term we use for the break of all rocks at earths surface due to the earths elements
What is an ecosystem?
A community of living organisms all interacting with each other and no living components in the environment
What are the three types of ecosystems?
Terrestrial
Marine
Freshwater
Give some examples of terrestrial ecosystems ?
Tropical rainforest, grasslands, deserts, tundra and temperate deciduous forests
Give some examples of marine ecosystems?
Mangroves
Coral reefs
Deep sea
Intertidal zones
Give some examples of freshwater ecosystems?
Ponds Rivers Streams Lakes Springs Wetlands
What is a phenotype?
Features or traits such as behaviour and external physical features
List the food web from primary producer and up
Primary producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Quantenary consumer
