REVISION FOR ESSAY (delete later) Flashcards
1: Improving secondary
Butler Act
1944- tripartite system, education for all
1947- 5.5 million, 1967- 9.1 million
1: Improving secondary
Crosland Circular
1965
Moved away from tripartite system, encouraged LEAs to form comprehensives, and abandon grammar schools
Thatcher continued- 30% to 60% of schools comp (attendance 7% 1964, 90% 1980)
1: Improving secondary
Education Act
1973
Raised leaving age to 16, encouraged work experience
1: Improving secondary
Analysis
Shifting attitudes
Abandonment of tripartite system transformative
Improved opportunities for all
Preparation for work emphasised- shift in function of education
Elitism remained
1: Improving secondary
Overall Analysis
Access to secondary education radically transformed- universality, expansion of access to w/c + girls
Inequalities and elitism remained
Structural barriers addressed, less transformative than HE reform (directly challenged elitism)
2: Improving HE
Percy and Barlow Reports
1945 + 1946
Proposed modernisation and expansion with focus on STEM
Adopted by Attlee- built unis inc. Nottingham + Exeter
2: Improving HE
Robbins Report
1962, led to Education Act 1973
60 unis, 33 polytechnics built in response
Expanded access to he + attendance
2: Improving HE
Increased attendance
Female graduates- 20% (1961) to 40% (1979)
Attendance- 20,000 in 1920 to 650,000 in 1979
2: Improving HE
Analysis
Shift in gov priorities
Willingness to expand- function changing, diminishing elitism
Widened access- esp for w/c + women
Huge increase in attendance- transformation of the function of university
2: Improving HE
Overall Analysis
Access expanded significantly- transformative function, but only applies to small proportion of population
Increasingly seen as a next step from schooling, not just for elite
But limits- elitism remains and not as broad an impact as secondary reforms
3: Limits to transformation
Elitism
Over representation of private school pupils at top unis (Eton + Harrow)
Private schools perpetuate class divisions
Polytechnics viewed as inferior
3: Limits to transformation
Inequality of Access
12% Oxbridge graduates women by 1979
Less than 5% w/c- uni still prohibitively expensive for disadvantaged
3: Limits to transformation
Analysis
Progress of greater inclusion slow
Lack of transformation- grammar schools remained, many became private schools
Domination of HE by private school pupils- elitism remains entrenched, reinforces class divides
Illusion of meritocracy
Inequality of access remains
3: Limits to transformation
Overall Analysis
Remaining elitism + class and gender inequalities disallowed any genuine transformative reform
Despite slow progress, monumental shift from pre-WW2 education system
Progress/effort made to diminish and combat issues- expansion of opportunity for many people, women + w/c esp
