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Year 10 Task 3 Science Revision > Revision flashcards > Flashcards

Revision flashcards

1
Q

What is acceleration?

A

A change in velocity over time measured in m/s^2

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2
Q

Acceleration formula

A

A = v/t - u/t (v = final speed, u = initial speed)

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3
Q

What is velocity?

A

Rate AND direction of an objects movement

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4
Q

Force =

A

Mass x Acceleration

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5
Q

Acceleration relations to force and mass

A

Acceleration of object directly related to net force and inversely related (working in opposite nature) to mass.

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6
Q

More mass needs…

A

More force to accelerate it

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7
Q

Greater force means…

A

Greater object acceleration

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8
Q

Newton’s first law

A

An object at rest will stay at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity unless acted in by an external net force.

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9
Q

Newton’s second law of motion

A

The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration (f = ma) or the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass.

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10
Q

Newton’s third law of motion

A

For every ‘action’ force there is an equal and opposite ‘reaction’ force

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11
Q

IVF definition

A

Process which fertilisation takes place outside the body (in vitro/in glass) and embryo is implanted into the uterus for development.

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12
Q

IVF purpose

A
  • Redefined human procreation
  • Developed to aid infertile couples (can also help queer or single parents)
  • Recent technological advancements refining process increased success rates
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13
Q

Cloning definition

A

Technique used to make a genetically identical copy of an organism, so 100% of genetic information comes from one individual.

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14
Q

Two types of cloning and their definitions

A

Natural clones: type of asexual reproduction where organism’s embryo splits in two each with copy of genetic material to form identical twins (e.g strawberries) or binary fission (bacteria)

Reproductive clones: artificial, deliberate reproduction of genetically identical individuals (e.g. Dolly the Sheep)

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15
Q

Stem cells definition

A

Undifferentiated cells without specific function or structure. When differentiated —> becomes more specialised cell type and changes structure according to new function.

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16
Q

Two types of stem cells and their definitions

A

Adult/somatic cells: Multipotent, differentiates into all cell types within ONE lineage (the tissue or organ they reside in); found in various tissues (i.e. bone marrow or fat)

Embryonic cells: pluripotent, able to develop into any different cell type within body; found in germ layers of early stage embryos (blastocysts)

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17
Q

IVF advantages

A
  • Enables an infertile couple to have a baby
  • Able to control timing of conception
  • Genetic screening reduces risk of passing genetic disorders and unwanted conditions
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18
Q

IVF disadvantages

A
  • Expensive (approx. 15 000 - 30 000) often not covered by insurance
  • Physically taxing due to hormonal treatments and procedures
  • Higher chance of multiple birth risk which increases risks for mother and babies
19
Q

Cloning advantages

A
  • Allows scientists to study gene function and diseases in controlled manner —> enhanced understanding of biological systems and potential to treat human diseases
  • In agriculture, allows for breeding of farm animals with desirable traits
  • Can preserve endangered species
20
Q

Cloning disadvantages

A
  • Cloned animals increased health issues (developmental abnormalities and shortened lifespans)
  • Reduces genetic diversity, negatively impacting adaptability and resilience of populations.
21
Q

Stem cells advantages and examples

A
  • Potential to treat diseases and injuries
  • Somatic cells: Bone marrow transplantation to treat leukaemia
  • Embryonic cells: can be turned into insulin producing cells for those with type 1 diabetes
22
Q

Stem cells disadvantages

A
  • Cell mutations have risk of turning into cancer cells
  • Can be rejected by patient’s immune system if cells from donor —> leads to inflammation and potential destruction of foreign cells perceived as threat by patient’s body
  • Usage of stem cells and research expensive (e.g. bone marrow transplantations $100 000 - $800 000)
23
Q

IVF social and ethical issues

A
  • Usually involves creation of multiple embryos to increase chance of pregnancy (raises issues of what to do with surplus unwanted embryos)
  • Can donate to other or scientists, freeze or discard them
  • Discarding embryos unethical to those who believe life begins at conception (sanctity of life in Christianity)
  • Screening embryos to create designer babies leading to societal disadvantage for those who can’t use IVF
24
Q

Cloning societal and ethical issues

A
  • Violates sanctity of life by artificially creating life
  • If human cloning legal: inferior to original?, loss of individuality, exploited for organ harvesting, unknown trauma and psychological impacts
  • How would misuse of this technology be controlled if human cloning legalised and who is authorised to make these rulings?
  • Animal welfare and risk of health problems and lower life expectancy seen as abuse and cruelty.
25
Q

Ovary function

A

Releases egg during menstrual cycle (ovulation), makes progesterone and oestrogen hormones

26
Q

Fallopian tube function

A

Channel for egg transport and fertilisation which makes its way to uterus. If fertilised, first cell divisions of zygote occur here.

27
Q

Uterus

A

Where fertilised egg (zygote) implants during pregnancy and baby develops (gestation).

28
Q

Vagina

A

Provides passageway for blood and mucosal tissue from uterus to leave body during menstrual period. Allows for introduction of male gamete (sperm) and allows newborn to exit uterus.

29
Q

Testes function

A

Makes sperm, produces hormone testosterone

30
Q

Scrotum

A

Thick sac of skin surrounding testicles to protect testes

31
Q

Urethra function

A

tube allowing urine to pass outside body

32
Q

Penis

A

Becomes erect during intercourse to maximise potential for sperm to reach ova, also used for urination.

33
Q

In reproduction, how are traits passed from one generation to the next?

A
  • DNA is hereditary material, carries genetic information in form of genes
  • Genes = specific sequences of DNA and determine traits and characteristics of an organism
  • During reproduction, DNA from parents combined and passed to offspring –> child inherits traits from both parents
  • Sperm (male gamete) and egg (female gamete) fertilises and zygote forms.
  • Zygote divides by mitosis and develops from one diploid parent cell to produce two new diploid daughter cells containing 50% of genetic material from each parent (23 chromosomes from each parent, 46 total in cell), resulting in combination distinct from both parents
34
Q

Stem cells societal and ethical issues

A
  • Destroying embryonic cell violates sanctity of life
  • Requires highly complex healthcare systems, only wealthy countries can afford, widens inequalities between third and first world countries.
  • Unknown potentially dangerous risks and side-effects as stem cell research is recently new (balancing medical advancements with risks of stem cell treatment/research)
  • Exploitation of patients if they do not make informed choices and do it with hope of recovery
35
Q

Biotechnology definition

A

Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society.

36
Q

Process of IVF

A
  • Ovarian stimulation hormone therapy to help ovaries produce one or more eggs for release
  • Egg retrieval from woman’s ovary using needle
  • Sperm collection from male, washed and concentrated
  • Fertilisation of egg and sperm in vitro and cells divide to form an embryo
  • Embryo implanted into woman’s uterus or surrogate
37
Q

Cloning process and steps

A
  • Take body cell with complete set of DNA from organism which is being cloned (somatic cell donor)
  • Retrieve egg cell from egg donor
  • Remove nucleus and all DNA from egg cells
  • Transfer nucleus and DNA from body cell and fuse it with egg cell using electrical current
  • Implant egg into surrogate mother to grow to be identical to somatic cell donor
38
Q

C in CRAAP Test

A

Currency
- When info published
- Recently updated?
- Does topic require old or new info

39
Q

R in CRAAP Test

A

Relevance
- Does info answer question
- Who is intended audience
- Is it comprehension level appropriate for audience
- Would you use in your research paper

40
Q

First A in CRAAP Test

A

Authority
- Who is author/organisation
- What are authors or organisations credentials
- Is author qualified
- Is there personal contact information
- URL link .com, .edu, .gov etc.

41
Q

Second A in CRAAP Test

A

Accuracy
- Where does info come from
- Is info supported by evidence
- Reviewed by anyone?
- Verified by other sources?
- Is it unbiased
- Any spelling/grammar errors?

42
Q

P in CRAAP Test

A

Purpose
- to inform, teach, sell, entertain, or persuade?
- are authors intentions clear
- is information fact, opinion, or propaganda
- Is pov impartial
- Any political, cultural, religious or institutional biases?

43
Q

DNA replication process

A
  1. Helicase unzips DNA double-helix, breaks hydrogen bonds
  2. Exposed bases from unzipping not paired up
  3. Primase constructs RNA primer at 3’ end of each strand
  4. Floating nucleotides around nucleus moves in the build DNA strand
  5. DNA polymerase attaches to primer
  6. Okazaki fragments created on lagging strand where gaps occur as DNA polymerase can only build in one direction, it is not constantly travelling like leading strand and has to be built where unwinding is happening
  7. Ligase enzyme seals gap between fragments
  8. Two identical double-helix DNA molecules created with one original DNA strand and one new one
44
Q

Watson-Crick model

A
  • Proposes DNA as double helical structure; two complementary strands which are anti-parallel.
  • Demonstrates how DNA strands pair and replicate accurately and how DNA carries genetic information.
  • Shows how hydrogen bonds pair nitrogenous bases; speicifc pairing important for replication process –> ensures each strand can serve as template for creating a new complementary strand.
  • Suggests semi-conservative replication, where two-stranded DNA has two templates for replication.
  • Model shows fundamental of complementary base pairings allowing for generations of scientists to understand DNA structure, encoded genes, and molecular basis of heredity.

Year 10 Task 3 Science Revision (1 decks)

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