REVISION EXTRAS

Question 1

what are some examples of anaerobes found in the intestinal flora?

Answer 1

bifidobacterium, clostridium, bacteroides and eubacterium

Question 1

what are some examples of aerobes found in the intestinal flora?

Answer 1

escherichia
enterococcus
streptococcus
klebsiella

Question 2

what factors affect your intestinal flora?

Answer 2

origin, age and diet

Question 3

how are vegetarians intestinal flora different from meat eaters?

Answer 3

veggies have less clostridia and more bifidobacteria

Question 4

what are the functions of the intestinal flora?

Answer 4

metabolic - fermentation of non-digestible carbs which produces short-chain fatty acids
defense - compete for attachment sites and nutrients to prevent invasion and overgrowth. Can also produce bacteriocins which inhibit growth of competetors
trophic - promote epithelial cell proliferation and differentaton, stimulates intestinal motor activity, regulates immune system and CNS
produce vit k and the vit B family

Question 5

what are the names of vitamin B types?

Answer 5

B1 - thiamin 
B2 - riboflavin
B3 - niacin 
pantothenic acid
vitamin B6
B7 - biotin 
folate and folic acid
vitamin B12

Question 6

what are thiamine functions?

Answer 6

the body break down and release energy from food

keep the nervous system healthy

Question 7

what are riboflavins functions?

Answer 7

keep skin, eyes and the nervous system healthy

the body release energy from food

Question 8

what is niacins function?

Answer 8

the body release energy from food

keep the nervous system and skin healthy

Question 9

what is pyridoxins function?

Answer 9

the body to use and store energy from protein and carbohydrates in food
the body form haemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body

Question 10

what are folate functions?

Answer 10

the body form healthy red blood cells

reduce the risk of birth defects called neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, in unborn babies

Question 11

what are vitamin B12 functions?

Answer 11

make red blood cells and keeping the nervous system healthy
release energy from food
use folate

Question 12

what are some examples of short chain fatty acids?

Answer 12

acetate and butyrate

Question 13

what are the benefits of short chain fatty acids?

Answer 13

maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity, mucus production, and protection against inflammation to reduction of the risk of colorectal cancer

Question 14

what is MALT comprised of?

Answer 14

BALT
GALT
NALT

Question 15

what do Th1 cells generate immune system responses against?

Answer 15

intracellular pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

chronic inflammation and autoimunity

Question 16

what do Th2 cells generate immune system responses against?

Answer 16

extracellular pathogens such as helminths

associated with allergies

Question 17

what cytokine does Th1 predominantly produce?

Answer 17

interferon gamma

Question 18

what cytokine does Th2 predominantly produce?

Answer 18

IL-4 and IL-5

Question 19

what are H.pylori’s virulence factors?

Answer 19

flagella
lipopolysaccharides
urease

Question 20

why can H.pylori cause ulcers?

Answer 20

urease breaks down urea in Co2 and ammonia. ammonia is alkaline which allows the bacteria to move down towards the epithelial cells because the stomach acid is neutralized. here they can damage the cells

Question 21

where is iron absorbed?

Answer 21

duodenum

Question 22

where is folate absorbed?

Answer 22

duodenum and jejunum

Question 23

where is vitamin B12 and bile salts absorbed?

Answer 23

terminal ileum