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Yr 5 - Psych > Revision - Dementia > Flashcards

Revision - Dementia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is vitamin B9?

A

Folate

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2
Q

What electrolyte derangement can cause metabolic induced dementia?

A

Sodium

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3
Q

Give 2 endocrine causes of dementia

A

1) hypothyroidism

2) hyperparathyroidism

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4
Q

What are the 4 key features of Alzheimer’s (mnemonic 4A’s)

A

1) Amnesia
2) Agnosia
3) Aphasia
4) Apraxia

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5
Q

Give 3 classes of drugs that are used in the mx of Alzheimer’s

A

1) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors e.g. donepezil, galantamine, rivastigamine

2) NMDA inhibitor e.g. memantine

3) Antidepressants

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6
Q

Role of NMDA inhibitors (e.g. memantine)?

A

Blocks excessive glutamate

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7
Q

There are several subtypes of vascular dementia. What is the most common?

A

Cerebrovascular infarcts

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8
Q

In which type of dementia are they Parkinsonism features?

A

LBD

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9
Q

What are the 4 core features of LBD?

A

1) Fluctuating cognition

2) Visual hallucinations

3) REM sleep disorder

4) Parkinsonism

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10
Q

What is the core features of FTD?

A

Prominent changes in personality and behavior or language difficulties with relative sparing of memory.

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11
Q

Can AChEIs & memantine be used in mx of VaD?

A

Yes - also focus on CVS risk factors

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12
Q

Lewy bodies are also present in Parkinson’s disease. How does the location of these lewy bodies differ between LBD and Parkinson’s disease?

A

LBD - widespread

PD - substantia nigra

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13
Q

What drugs are patients with DLB highly sensitive to?

A

Neuroleptics (i.e. antipsychotics)

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14
Q

What can the use of antipsychotics in LBD lead to?

A

Can induce or worsen Parkinsonism (as suppress dopamine).

Can lead to NMS.

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15
Q

Can AChEIs be used in mx of LBD?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What scan can help distinguish LBD from other types of dementia?

A

Dopamine transporter scan (DaT)

16
Q

What protein is often deposited in FTD?

A

Tau protein

17
Q

What are 4 key clinical signs in FTD?

A

1) personality & behavioural changes e.g. apathy, disinhibition

2) cognitive decline

3) language impairments

4) motor abnormalities e.g. muscle weakness, dysarthria

18
Q

What are seen on an EEG in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Periodic sharp wave complexes

19
Q

What medications can be used to help control behavioural symptoms in FTD?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antipsychotics (their use must be carefully balanced against side effects).

Note - AChEIs are NOT used in FTD

20
Q

What area of the brain is most affected by cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer’s?

A

Median temporal lobes (most responsible for memory)

21
Q

4 diagnostic features for dementia?

A

1) no clouding of consciousness

2) disturbance of higher cortical functions

3) deterioration in functioning

4) >6m

22
Q

In what type of dementia is there a loss of semantic memory?

A

FTD

23
Q

How long are motor symptoms present for in parkinson’s disease before onset of cognitive symptoms?

A

At least 1 year

24
Q

If cognitive symptoms and Parkinson’s features start within a year of each other (either being present first), what is the condition?

A

LBD

25
Q

Which acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) can help with hallucinations in LBD?

A

Rivastigmine

26
Q

What chart can be used to assess BPSDs?

A

Behavioural ABC chart

27
Q

Which is the ONLY antipsychotic licensed for the management of agitation?

A

Risperidone

28
Q

Which test is the gold standard for screening and diagnosis for cognitive impairment?

A

ACE-iii

29
Q

What 5 domains are tested in ACE-III?

A

1) attention

2) memory

3) fluency

4) language

5) visuospatial

30
Q

What score in the ACE-III indicates likely dementia?

A

< 82/100

31
Q

REM-sleep disorder is a distinctive feature of DLB.

What may partners of patients report?

A

Patients and their partners may report violently acting out their dreams as many as 40 years before the onset of the dementia symptoms.

32
Q

What is seen on a CT head in Alzheimer’s?

A

Widespread cerebral atrophy, mainly involving the cortex & hippocampus

33
Q

Which type of dementia is MND associated with?

A

FTD

34
Q

What is the most common ophthalmological condition associated with Charles-Bonnet syndrome?

A

ARMD

35
Q

What is Charles-Bonnet syndrome characterised by?

A

Persistent or recurrent complex hallucinations (usually visual or auditory), occurring in clear consciousness.

This is generally against a background of visual impairment (although visual impairment is not mandatory for a diagnosis)

36
Q

Risk factors for Charles-Bonnet?

A

Advanced age
Peripheral visual impairment
Social isolation
Sensory deprivation
Early cognitive impairment

37
Q
A

Yr 5 - Psych (4 decks)

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