Revision: Course Overview Flashcards
What is Biological Psychology?
The study of biological mechanisms of normal and abnormal behaviour.
Both brain and body
What is the main assumption underpinning biological psychology?
Biology and observable behaviour are no more than different levels of the same multi-layered phenomenon.
both brain and body
What is Monism?
The idea that some mental processes and brain activity are inseparable.
What is the Nervous System?
Bringing you sensation, cognition, emotion and movement from the moment you are born.
What is Mylenation?
- The process in which glial cells wrap axons with a fatty sheath, called myelin.
- This acts to insulate and speed up nerve conduction by enabling saltatory conduction.
From 0.5-10 m/s to 150 m/s
What is the glial cell used in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells.
What is the glial cell used in the central nervous system?
Oligodendrocytes.
What part of a neuron is this?
Node of Ranvier
What part of a neuron is this?
Dendrites
What part of a neuron is this?
Soma
What part of a neuron is this?
Axon Terminal
What part of a neuron is this?
Schwann Cell / Myelin Sheath
What part of a neuron is this?
Axon Hillock
What part of a neuron is this?
Nucleus
Label the neuron:
What part of the nervous system is this?
Peripheral Nervous System
What part of the nervous system is this?
Somatic Nervous System
What part of the nervous system is this?
Autonomic Nervous System
What part of the nervous system is this?
Sympathetic Nervous System
What part of the nervous system is this?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
What part of the nervous system is this?
Central Nervous System
What part of the nervous system is this?
Brain
What part of the nervous system is this?
Spinal Cord
Label the nervous system:
Where is the Motor Cortex?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Leads to Hemiparalysis
Where is the Somatosensory Cortex?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Can lead to Paraethesia
Where is the Parietal Lobe?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Hemi-spatial Neglect
Where is the Occipital Lobe?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Can lead to Hemianopia
Where is the Cerebellum?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Can lead to Ataxia
Where is the Spinal Cord?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Can lead to Paralysis
Where is the Brain Stem?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Can lead to Locked In Syndrome
Where is the Temporal Lobe?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Can lead to Prosopagnosia
Where is the Frontal Lobe?
If damaged what can it lead to?
Can lead to Frontal Lobe Syndrome
Label the brain:
What are the common clinical signs of frontal lobe syndrome?
Problems with:
* Initiating action
* Staying on task
* Planning
* Selection of appropriate response
* Attention deficits
* Inconsistencies in social life
* Impulse control problems
* Obsessive and violent behaviour
What are the symptoms of frontal lobe syndrome from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
- Planing
- Forming strategy
- Executive functions
- Personality changes
- Aboulia (absence of will power)
- Apathy (lack of interest, enthusiasm or concern)
- Dysfunction in planning and sequencing
What are the symptoms of frontal lobe syndrome from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?
- Aggression
- Social differences
- Inappropriate behaviours
Does frontal lobe syndrome lead to criminality?
- Specific executive dysfunctions have been found to be associated with both violent and non-violent offending in general prison populations.
- Head injury is common in prisoners.
What route is this?
What information is carried?
Spinal cord
Entering dorsal route
Incoming sensory information
What route is this?
What information is carried?
Spinal cord
Existing ventral route
Outgoing motor information
What are the routes?
What information is carried?
Spinal cord
What part of the spinal cord is this?
Dorsal root ganglion
What part of the spinal cord is this?
Gray matter
What part of the spinal cord is this?
Central Canal
What part of the spinal cord is this?
White Matter
What part of the spinal cord is this?
Sensory Nerve
What part of the spinal cord is this?
Moter Nerve
What part of the spinal cord is this?
Dorsal
What part of the spinal cord is this?
Ventral
Label the spinal cord:
What is the spinal cord?
- Part of the CNS
- Within the spinal column
- Each segment has on each side a sensory nerve and a motor nerve.
What does the information from nerves pass through in the spinal cord?
Axons
What happens if axons are cut or damaged?
Can result in loss of sensation and movement of that part of the body.
What is the incoming information via the dorsal route in the spinal cord?
- Tactile sensation
- Sensation of pain
- Temperature
- Proprioception
What is this section of the spinal cord?
Cervical
What is this section of the spinal cord?
Thoracic
What is this section of the spinal cord?
Lumber
What is this section of the spinal cord?
Sacral
What is this section of the spinal cord?
Coccygeal
What parts of the spinal cord causes these injuries?
What are Mechanoreceptors?
- These receptors perceive sensations such as pressure, vibrations, and texture.
- There are four known types of mechanoreceptors whose only function is to perceive indentions and vibrations of the skin.
What are Thermoreceptors?
- These receptors perceive sensations related to the temperature of objects the skin feels.
- They are found in the dermis layer of the skin.
- There are two basic categories of thermoreceptors: hot and cold receptors.
What are Pain Receptors?
- These receptors detect pain or stimuli that can or does cause damage to the skin and other tissues of the body.
- There are over three million pain receptors throughout the body, found in skin, muscles, bones, blood vessels, and some organs.
What are Proprioceptors?
- They sense the position of the different parts of the body in relation to each other and the surrounding environment.
- Proprioceptors are found in tendons, muscles, and joint capsules.
- This location in the body allows these special cells to detect changes in muscle length and muscle tension.
- Without proprioceptors, we would not be able to do fundamental things such as feeding or clothing ourselves.
What is Neurulation?
The process in which the nervous system begins to develop including the formation of the neural plate and its transformation into the neural tube.
What is step 1 of Neurulation?
To start the dorsal surface of the ectoderm thickens and forms the neural plate.
What is step 2 of Neurulation?
As cell numbers rapidly expand the embryo elongates, the groove forms and deepens, until the top edges come together and fuse to form a hollow (fluid filled) tube which runs the length of the embryo.
This is called the neural tube.
What is step 3 of Neurulation?
The neural tube then sinks under the outer later.
Some cells from the border of the neural plate go on to form the neural crest that sits just above the neural tube.
What is step 4 of Neurulation?
Ultimately the neural tube goes on to form the central nervous system and the neural crest goes on to form the peripheral nervous system.
Differential gene expression along the neural tube dictates what part of the nervous system it will become.
How does the brain develop?
- Along the neural tube cells have a differential expression of genes which mark them as belonging to one end of the embryo or the other.
- The neural tube begins to differentiate: the forward end enlarges and differentiates into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
- The rest becomes the spinal cord.
- The fluid filled cavity within the neural tube becomes the central canal of the spinal cord and the four ventricles of hte brain, containing the cerebrospinal fluid.
Development of the human brain:
Proliferation & Migration:
Proliferation & Migration:
Proliferation & Migration:
Proliferation & Migration:
Proliferation & Migration:
Differentiation
Differentiation
Differentiation
Differentiation
