Revision: Common Reactions Flashcards
alkene + hydrogen gas
alkane
alkene + bromine/chlorine
haloalkane
alkene + hydrogen halide
haloalkane
alkene + water
alcohol
alkane + halogen + uv
haloalkane + hydrogen halide
alcohol + hydrogen halide
haloalkane + water
haloalkane + sodium/potassium hydroxide
alcohol + metal halide
alcohol + acid
alkene + water
ester + sodium hydroxide
sodium carboxylate + alcohol
Oxidation of primary alcohols
aldehyde then to carboxylic acid
Oxidation of secondary alcohols
ketone
Oxidation of tertiary alcohols
no reaction
carboxylic acid + amine
amide + water
carboxylic acid + alcohol
ester + water
What is an E1 mechanism
-Elimination, unimolecular.
-The Rate Only Depends On Concentration of Substrate (Not Base).
-the rate proceeds in the order tertiary (fastest) > secondary»_space; primary (slowest)
-forms a carbocation intermediate
-proceeds in 2 steps
What is an E2 mechanism
-Elimination, bimolecular
-rate depends on concentration of both the substrate and the base
-one step reaction (no intermediate
What is an Sn1 reaction
-substitution, unimolecular
-rate of the reaction depends only on the concentration of the substrate
-two step mechanism
-form a carbocation intermediate
-often results in a racemic mixture if the carbon was chiral
What is an Sn2 reaction
-bimolecular substitution
-rate of the reaction depends on the concentration of both the substrate (alkyl halide) and the nucleophile.
-involves backside attack, meaning the nucleophile attacks the carbon center from the side opposite to where the leaving group is departing.
-opposite stereochemistry to the starting material).
What is the Zaitsev rule?
the major product is often the one where the double bond is formed at the carbon that has the greater number of alkyl substituents.
