revision

Question 1

What is Person Perception?

Answer 1

The process of forming opinions about others.

Influenced by physical appearance ie, body language, gender, age, race, the way they speak, culture etc.

Question 2

What is the Halo effect?

Answer 2

The tendency for an impression created in one area to influence opinion in another area.

Question 3

What are attributions?

Answer 3

Conclusions we make about the cause of events, and the behaviour of others or our own behaviour. They can be internal or external.

Question 4

Example of internal attributions…

Answer 4

Traits, motivation, mood, attitude, ability, effort.

Question 5

Example of external attributions…

Answer 5

Actions of another person, environmental setting, luck, situation.

Question 6

Stereotypes defintion…

Answer 6

Generalised and simplified belief about a group of people.

Eg, all Asians are smart, blondes are dumb, rich people are rude.

Question 7

What is the function of stereotypes?

Answer 7

Stereotypes help up to organise our knowledge of people quickly, especially when we meet new people. It’s quick way to categorise a person based on looks or first impressions.

Question 8

Attitudes definition…

Answer 8

A postitive or negative evaluation of an attitude object. (A person, object, event, idea.)
They are learned, stable and relatively enduring evaluation of a person that can influence behaviour.

Question 9

What are the two expressions of attitudes?

Answer 9

Implicit and explicit.

Question 10

What are explicit attitudes?

Answer 10

Where people openly state their attitude and behaviour in a way that reflects this attitude.
Example:
> Exercise is good for mental health. (Attitude.)
> Visit the gym daily. (Action.)

Question 11

What are implicit attitudes?

Answer 11

Involuntary, uncontrollable and sometimes unconscious. It is possible for individuals to be unaware that they hold a particular attitude until their actions reveal it.
Example:
> Moths are harmless. (Attitude.)
> Scream upon seeing a moth. (Action.)

Question 12

The three functions of attitudes are…

Answer 12

Predisposing, interpreting and evaluation.
With out attitudes we would have difficulty dealing with events in our daily lives, in making decisions and in making sense of our relationships with others.

Question 13

Examples of attitudes predisposing us by…

Answer 13

> Guiding us to behave in particular ways.
Helping us to get what we want and avoid what we do not want.
Saving us the energy so that we do not have t work out our reactions to an attitude object each time we encounter it.

Question 14

Examples of attitudes interpreting by…

Answer 14

> Guiding the interpretation and summary of an attitude object.
Helping us to avoid worry and confusion when faced with a new attitude object.
Helping us to understand and process information.

Question 15

Examples of attitudes evaluating by…

Answer 15

> Helping us to stand up for our values and beliefs.
Helping us to reflect on our values.
Protecting our self-esteem when we feel threatened or uncomfortable.

Question 16

What is the ABC of the tri-component model of attitude?

Answer 16

Affect - How we feel about the attitude object. (Like, dislike.)
Behaviour - How we act towards the attitude object. (Actions and intentions.)
Cognition - What we know or think we know about the attitude object. (Thoughts ideas.)

Question 17

Use the tri-compontent model to show your attitude towards smoking.

Answer 17

A. affect = I don’t like smoking.
B. behaviour = I don’t smoke.
C. cognitive = Smoking is related to lung cancer.

Question 18

Use the tri-component model to show your attitude towards dogs.

Answer 18

A. affect = I like dogs.
B. behaviour = I can own a dog.
C. cognitive = dogs and be good companions and protectors.

Question 19

Prejudice definition:

Answer 19

An unfavourable or negative attitude towards a group of people based on insufficient or incorrect information. Often arises fro stereotyping, eg, prejudice against elderly people means having negative feeling towards them.

Question 20

Discrimnation definition:

Answer 20

The action that expresses the attitude of prejudice.

Question 21

Prejudice examples…

Answer 21

Sexism, ageism, homophobia.

Question 22

Discrimination examples…

Answer 22

Reluctant to help, tokenism, reverse discrimination.

Question 23

Tokenism meaning:

Answer 23

Publicly giving trivial assistance to a minority group in order to avoid accusations of prejudice and discrimination.
Eg, employing one woman in a predominantly male organisation.

Question 24

Four effects of prejudice and discrimination….

Answer 24

• Low self-esteem. > Depression, anxiety, lack of confidence.
• Disadvantage/failure. > Being denied access to resources necessary for success, ie, housing, health, employment etc.
• Self-fulfilling prophecies. > Expectations/assumptions of group members will influence interaction with the other members, therefore eventually changing their behaviour so that it is in keeping with the original expectations/assumptions.
• Violence and genocide. > Cause wars, segregation, conflict.

Question 25

How is prejudice prevented and reduced?

Answer 25

Prejudice can be reduced through education, intergroup contact, cognitive interventions, setting superordinate goals and direct experience. These have all been successful to an extent.

Question 26

Education, in relation to prejudice prevention:

Answer 26

The formation of prejudice can be impeded through education programs in schools where children are taught about tolerance, the consequences of prejudice, and what constitutes discrimination.

Question 27

Intergroup contact in relation to prejudice prevention:

Answer 27

Prejudice can be reduce through direct contact between groups of people who hav \e prejudicial attitude towards each other . However, direct contact alone will not work: the following are also essential:
> sustained, interpersonal interactions contact between the groups.
> mutual interdependence where the groups engage in cooperative activities.
> equal status between the groups.
> social norms favouring the reduction of prejudice.

Question 28

Cognitive interventions in relation to prejudice prevention:

Answer 28

prejudice can be countered by reducing stereotyping through cognition. For example, making information available to individuals reduces stereotypes minimising irrelevant information about groups of people. It is important to make sure that this information is noticed, and to provide sufficient time for individuals to process information that contradicts stereotypes.

Question 29

Superordinate goals in relation to prejudice prevention:

Answer 29

Working towards a common goal can facilitate knowledge and understanding between groups. However, the goal must be shared and it must require the contribution go both groups.

Question 30

Direct experience in relation to prejudice prevention:

Answer 30

Directly experiencing another culture of lifestyle - either in another country or within our own - can help reduce prejudice. this could include learning another language, learning about another culture and participating in another culture. Direct experience can result in better knowledge and understanding, and can reduce ignorance.

Question 31

Identify the IV and DV in the LaPie`re study…

Answer 31

IV = Survey about serving the patrons. (Attitude.)
DV = Whether the patrons were served. (Action/behaviour about the prejudice.)

Question 32

Which experimental design was used in the LaPie`re study, and how do you know?

Answer 32

A repeated measures, experimental design was used. You can know this because it was one group repeating the same thing/action by the same people, going into the different restaurants.

Question 33

Identify the confounding variable/s in the LaPie`re study.

Answer 33

CV = Not checking that the same people who served, took the surveys handed out. = Null Void.