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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

occluding junction

A

tight junction, seals space creating a physical barrier to diffusion

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2
Q

cell to cell anchoring

A

adherens junction connecting via actin filaments

desmosomes connects keratin filaments

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3
Q

channel forming

A

gap junctions, consist of connexins

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4
Q

basal adherence

A

hemidesmosomes

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5
Q

nucleoli

A

Nucleoli are sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

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6
Q

microfilament

A

actin

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7
Q

intermediate filament

A

fibrous proteins

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8
Q

microtubule

A

tubulin dimers Alpha and Beta

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9
Q

gibbs free energy equation

A

G=H-TS

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10
Q

configuration

A

fixed arrangement of atoms in a molecule
L and D arrangements around a chiral carbon
Cis/Trans isomers

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11
Q

conformation

A

precise arrangement of atoms in a molecule, rotation of bonds without breaking or forming new bonds

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12
Q

list of the macromolecules in us in descending order

A

proteins, RNA, ions/small molecules, phospholipids and polysaccharides, DNA.

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13
Q

base plus a ribose forms a

A

nucleoside

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14
Q

nucleoside plus a phosphate forms a

A

nucleotide

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15
Q

pyrimidine

A

flat single ring, thymine, cytosine and uracil

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16
Q

purine

A

flat double ring, guanine and adenine

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17
Q

nucleic acids are linked by

A

3’5’ phosphodiester bonds

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18
Q

D-Glucose

A

used as polymers for starch and glycogen, has an aldehyde for oxidizing

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19
Q

ATPase utilises

A

binding change mechanism

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20
Q

what vitamins are derived from a lipid

A

ADEK

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21
Q 
which of the following drugs does not block transmission at the NMJ
botulinum toxin
curare
hemicholinium
neostigmine 
tetrodotoxin
A

neostigmine

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22
Q

The protein component of an enzyme that contains a cofactor

A

Apoenzyme

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23
Q

Km is

A 
equivalent to the
substrate concentration at
which the initial reaction
rate is half of the maximum
reaction rate”
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24
Q

carnitine is produced from

A

lysine or methionine

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25
Q

carnitine is inhibited by

A

malonyl CoA

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26
Q

7 beta oxidations produce

A

8 acetyl CoA + 7 FADH2 and 7 NADH = 129 ATP

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27
Q

glycolysis net gain of

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH per glc

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28
Q

how many T lymphocytes are there

A

10 to the power of 12

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29
Q

the pentose phosphate pathway has a

A

reversible part for generating NADPH and a non reversible part for producing nucleotides

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30
Q

black water fever is

A

a G6P dehydrogenase deficiency

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31
Q

krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation provide

A

90% of energy

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32
Q

have large is pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

50nm

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33
Q

starch consists of

A

amylopectin and amylose

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34
Q

hurler syndrome is

A

a failure to break down mucopolysaccharides

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35
Q

C3a and C5a are

A

chemo attractants

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36
Q

ammonia is transported as what in the blood stream

A

glutamine

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37
Q

glutamine and alanine have what charge?

A

no charge unlike glutamate which has a negative charge

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38
Q

the 8 essential aa are

A

histidine, isleucine, lysine, methionine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

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39
Q

the ketogenic pathways in the citric acid cycle for proteins are

A

acetoacetyl CoA and acetyl CoA

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40
Q

how much ATP does nitrogenase require for nitrogen fixation

A

16

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41
Q

all aminotransferases rely on

A

pyridoxal phosphate cofactor made from B6

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42
Q

what do high serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase ALT indicate?

A

liver disease

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43
Q

how are cellular proteins tagged for destruction

A

by being ubiquitinated

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44
Q

most metabolic disorders are

A

autosomal recessive

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45
Q

PKU is diagnosed with a? and associated with

A

Guthrie card

tyrosine deficiency

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46
Q

linoleic and linolenic acids are

A

essential fatty acids as we cannot introduce double bonds beyond carbon 9

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47
Q

phospholipids are hydrolysed to form

A

lysophospholipid

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48
Q

TAG is packaged with

A

ApoB-48 to form chylomicrons for export

49
Q

FA synthesis requires for palmitate formation

A

8 acetyl CoA, 14 NADPH, 14H and 7 ATP

50
Q

acyl-malonyl ACP and Acetoacetyl ACP form

A

acetoacetyl ACP for elongation in FA synthesis

51
Q

cholesterol is a precursor to

A

sterol hormones, vitamin D and bile acids

52
Q

eicosanoids are precursors to

A

derived from omega 3/6 FA to form prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes

53
Q

asparin inhibits

A

COX 1 enzyme for the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes

54
Q

how does NADH bypass the mitochondrial membrane?

A

through the glycerol phosphate shuttle as FADH

55
Q

Q1 is

A

NADH Q oxireductase with a Fe-S centre

56
Q

Q2 is

A

succinate Q reductase

57
Q

Q 3 is

A

Q cytochrome C oxireductase, produces 2 Cytochrome C molecules

58
Q

Q 4 is

A

Cytochrome c oxidase

59
Q

how much ATP is generated for NADH

A

2.5 mol

60
Q

how much ATP is generated for FADH2

A

1.5 mol

61
Q

exposure to what chemical can trigger hyperthermia

A

halothane

62
Q

how many bonds between G and C?

A

3H

63
Q

how many bonds between A and T

A

2H

64
Q

blood’s pH is around

A

7.4

65
Q

force exerted by muscle is the

A

tension

66
Q

force exerted on the muscle is the

A

load

67
Q

contraction with constant length is

A

isometric

68
Q

contraction with shortening length is

A

isotonic

69
Q

contraction with increasing length is

A

lengthening

70
Q

lactate dehydrogenase when converting pyruvate to lactate demonstrates

A

an ordered sequential mechanism

71
Q

creatine kinase creating creatine from phosphocreatine generates

A

random sequential mechanism

72
Q

what’s peculiar about sweat glands?

A

post ganglionic sympathetic cholinergic fibres innervate sweat glands

73
Q

merkel receptors

A

pressure and texture

74
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

flutter and stroke

75
Q

ruffini corpuscle

A

stretch

76
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

vibration, innervates hair

77
Q

sensory information is relayed to the

A

thalamus to the somatosensory cortex

78
Q

properties of graded potentials are

A

electrotonic, decremental, non-propagated and local

79
Q

baroreceptors detect

A

blood pressure

80
Q

erythrocytes what size, life span and conc?

A

4-610 to the power of 12

120 day life span 7-8 um

81
Q

leukocytes conc

A

1 to the power of 10

82
Q

neutrophils percentage of wbc

A

68%

83
Q

lifespan of platelets

A

1o days

84
Q

von willibrand factor enables

A

platelets to adhere to damaged tissue

85
Q

haematocrit range for males

A

40-54%

86
Q

haematocrit range for females

A

37% - 47%

87
Q

as haematocrit increase, viscosity?

A

increases

88
Q

aliphatic aa include

A

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine - basic carbon chain

89
Q

aromatic aa include

A

phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

90
Q

sulphur coating aa include

A

cysteine and methionine

91
Q

basic aa include

A

lysine arginine and histidine

92
Q

acidic aa include

A

aspartate and glutamate

93
Q

uncharged polar aa include

A

serine, threonine, asparagine and glutamine

94
Q

layers of the skin are

A 
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
95
Q

endocrine glands have a

A

proteinaceous secretion

96
Q

exocrine glands can be

A

mucous - proteoglycan secretion

serous - protein secretion

97
Q

example of a dense regular connective tissue

A

tendon

98
Q

example of dense irregular tissue

A

sebaceous gland

99
Q

transient loose connective tissue

A

wbc

100
Q

loose permanent connective tissue

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, undifferentiated mesenchyme cells

101
Q

epithelial component of the liver

A

parenchyma-hepatocytes

102
Q

ECM consists of

A

proteoglycans (GAGS), hyaluronic acid and glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin)

103
Q

low EC50 indicates

A

high affinity for a drug for its receptor

104
Q

NO can bind to

A

guanylyl cyclase and generate cGMP

105
Q

adenylyl cyclase activates

A

cAMP which activates kinases for a secondary response which can excite/inhibit PKA

106
Q

phospholipase C activates

A

produces diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate activating PKC and releasing calcium

107
Q

calcium stores can be excited by

A

IP3- or calcium

108
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosine 5’ triphosphate

109
Q

proteins are polymers of

A

L alpha amino acids

110
Q

the carbon in urea comes from

A

carbon dioxide

111
Q

the central canal in the spine is filled with

A

CSF

112
Q

atropine selectively blocks

A

muscarinic receptors

113
Q

the citric acid cycle consists of

A

of the oxidation of the cycle intermediates in four separate reactions

114
Q

AZT is a

A

nucleotide analogue

115
Q

FAD stands for

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

116
Q

a partial agonist is

A

an agonist that binds to a receptor but doesn’t fully activate it

117
Q

can UDP galactose and UDP glucose be interconverted

A

yes

118
Q

the liver contains (regard glycolysis)

A

glucose 6 phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase

119
Q

skeletal muscle contains (regarding glycolysis)

A

only glycogen phosphorylase not glucose 6 phosphatase

science for medicine (1 decks)

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