Revision Flashcards by Nayan Mehta

How much is 1 unit of alcohol

1 unit of alcohol is 15mg of alcohol per 100ml of alcohol

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What is the TEM model

Threat
Error
Undesirable aircraft state

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Explain the homeostatic system

The tendency for the internal body to remain constant at equilibrium in spite of external environment

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Explain sensory threshold

Minimum strength of stimulus to be recognised by nerves

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What are proprioceptors

They sense joint position and movement and control directions and velocity of movements

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What is the minimum partial pressure required in the lungs and at what altitude would I find them

55mmhg at 12,0000ft

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What is the pressure in lungs at sea level

713 MMgh

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What is the pressure atmospheric at sea level in mmgh

760mmgh

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When breathing 100% oxygen at 10,000ft where does the body think it is

Sea level

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When breathing 100% oxygen at 40,000ft where does the body think it is

10,000ft

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What is tidal volume

Tide of air – volume of breath inhaled and exhaled for each normal breath

5l pervmin

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What is inrispiratory reserve volume

Volume of air when forced to breathing in 3.1litrws

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Expiratory reserve volume

Volume of air forcibly exhaled 1.1l

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Residual volume

1.2-1.4litres

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Normal respiratory rate

12/20 per minute

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What controls breathing rate?

Carbonic acid (think co2)

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What is anemia and what causes it

Lack of red blood cells caused by lack of iron, bleeding and decrease in production of rbc by bone marrow

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Cornea

This is the most front of the eye it does 70% of all focusing

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Iris

Coloured part of the eye muscles that control the size of pupil

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Lens

Transparent part of the eye attached to cillary muscles 20/30% of focusing toward retina

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Fovea

Most central part of the back of the eye full of cones middle of retina

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What is accommodation

Pushing and pulling of the lens until final focus affected by fatigue and age

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Explain cones

These are light sensitive found within a degree of the fovea, used for picking up lots of detail photopic vision

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Explain rods

Found approx 10 degrees from fovea used in dark dim lighting and used to help perhiphial vision

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Cones and rods adjustment times

Light - dark = longest for both cones= 7 mins rods = 30 mins Dark - lights= 10 secs for both

Myopia

My o pic eye ball is too long

Hypermyopia

Eye ball is too short

Presbyopia

Age causing weak cillary muscles struggling to focus

Glaucoma

Kiran joke - pressure build up in the eye

Conductive deafness

Due to build up of wax causing issues tovconduction of sound

Noise induced hearing loss

Due to continued exposure to sounds greater than 90db

Pilots should not fly immediatly after donating blood

Because they may feel weak and faint

Normal adult BP

120/80 Systolic/diastolic Pressure in arties during heart contract/pressure in arties during heart relax

Increase in Co2 in the blood leads too

Increased respiratory rate Co2 directly drives respiration

What can hypertension lead too

Heart attack and stroke

What is the avg cardiac output at rest of an adult

5litres per min Cardiac output is amount of blood the heart pumps in a minute Calculate heart rate x stroke volune Avg bpm = 70 Avg stroke volume = 75ml 70x75= 5.2litee

Carbon monoxide can be found in cigarettes

Yes, and can lift a smokers physiological altitude

# Define the following Gx Gy Gz

Gx - force that acts along the aircraft longitudinal axis chest to back will cause illusions in pitch Gy - a lateral force shoulder to shoulder (side ways) typica illusions during alieron role Gz - Vertical gravitational force felt head to tod through dives

Partial pressures within alveoli

Oxygen 100mmhg Carbon dioxide 40mmhg Water Vapour 47mmhg

What is the Critical Threshold

Atitude above which unconsciousness becomes a certainty 18000-22000ft

4 different types of hypoxia

Hypoxic hypoxia caused by low saturation levels Anemic hypoxia insufficient levels of haemoglobin Stagnant hypoxia due to low blood flow, think stagnation of blood Histotixkc hypoxia due to a poisioning of blood cells

If someone hyperventilates what happens to their blood

Their blood will become more alkaline

What are the early signs of hypoxia

Lack of concentration Euphoria Visual disturbances

Why does blood pressure of pilots rise with age

Since arteries loose their elasticity

Effects of hypertension on body

``` Headaches Heart attack Heart palpitations Strokes Angina ```

Factors that cause hypertension

``` Obisity Diet Stress Smoking Lack of exercise ```

What are ossicles and where are they

Ossicles are the three bones in the middle ear thst transmit sounds to cochlea

What are the name of the three bones that make up the ossicles

Stirrup Anvil Hammer

What is air sickness also known as

Motion sickness

Hearing tests are frequently taken for pilots

To detect early signs of deafness

Presbycusis causes initial loss of what

High tones

Presbycusis what is this?

Gradual loss of hearing with age

Saccules and utticulus are affected by changes in what

Changes in gravity and acceleration

What is a uncommon symptom of motion sickness

Apthay

What are angular accelerations perceived by?

Semi circular canals

What can be damaged by excessive exposure to noise?

Sensitive membrane in cochlea

NIHL causes what

Noise induced hearing loss can lead to perm desfness will usually initially by hearing loss of certain freqs

What is Autokinesis

When you stare at an object too long and it appears to move

How will an aircraft look when on a collision course with you

It will appear small and only begin to increase at the last second

What is Somtogyral and somatogyral illusion

This is felt by semi circular canals and measures angular accelerations due to hairs in the canals affects us in turns

What is Somatogravic and Somatogravic illusion

This measured with the Utricle and Saccule (Otoliths) this is with Gx when accel is felt as a upward climb

What is short term memory sensitive too

Interuptions

What are 3 methods of increasing STM capacity

Chunking Mnemonics Catch phrases

3 stages of learning a skill

Cognitive Associated Automatic

4 basic types of learning

Conditional Operant Insight Interaction

Two types of fatigue

Acute (short term) | Chronic (long term)

What is the difference between active error and latent error

Active error is where the effect is seen immediatly Latent error is where there is a delay between the action and the outcome of the action

What is decision mAking as opposed to deciding?

Step by step scientific process following in order to reach a balanced and factual decisi n