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1
Q

What nerves supply the external oblique muscles?

A

Lower intercostal nerves (ventral rami T7-T11) and subcostal nerve

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2
Q

What nerves supply the internal oblique muscles?

A

Lower intercostal nerves (ventral rami T7-T11), subcostal nerve and L1

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3
Q

What nerves supply the transverse abdominus muscles?

A

Lower intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve and L1

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4
Q

What nerves supply the rectus abdominus muscles?

A

Lower intercostal nerves

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5
Q

What is the action of the internal and external oblique muscles?

A

Flex and rotate trunk

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6
Q

What is the action of the transverse abdominus muscles?

A

Compress and support abdominal viscera

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7
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominus muscles?

A

Flexes trunk and tilts pelvis

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8
Q

What is the rectus sheath composed of?

A

Aponeuroses of transverse abdominus, internal oblique and external oblique

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9
Q

Above the level of the arcuate line, which layers of the aponeurosis pass in front of the rectus muscles?

A

External oblique and half of the internal oblique

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10
Q

What is the action of psoas major?

A

Flexion at hip joint

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11
Q

What are the contents of the male inguinal canal?

A

Spermatic cord
Ilio-inguinal ligament
Blood and lymph

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12
Q

What are the contents of the female inguinal canal?

A

Round ligament of uterus
Ilio-inguinal ligament
Blood and lymph

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13
Q

The anterior wall of the inguinal canal is formed by the aponeurosis of which muscle?

A

External oblique

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14
Q

Abdominal contents pushing through a weak spot in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal is called?

A

Direct hernia

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15
Q

A congenital weakness in the deep inguinal ring which abdominal contents pass through results in?

A

Indirect hernia

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16
Q

Which type of peritoneum is sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal

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17
Q

Name the retroperitoneal organs

A

Pancreas (except tail)
Kidneys
Ascending colon
Descending colon

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18
Q

Name the intraperitoneal organs

A 
Spleen
Stomach
Jejenum
Ileum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
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19
Q

At what vertebral level does the celiac trunk emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

T12

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20
Q

At what vertebral level does the SMA emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

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21
Q

At what vertebral level do the renal arteries emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L2

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22
Q

At what vertebral level does the IMA emerge from the abdominal aorta?

A

L3

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23
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate to form the 2 common iliac arteries?

A

L4

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24
Q

At what vertebral level do the common iliac arteries bifurcate to form the external and internal iliac arteries?

A

L5

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25
Q

What arteries does the celiac trunk give off?

A

Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery

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26
Q

Which part of the gut is supplied by the celiac trunk?

A

The foregut

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27
Q

Which part of the gut is supplied by the SMA?

A

The midgut

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28
Q

Which part of the gut is supplied by the IMA?

A

Hindgut

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29
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm and which other structures pass through with it?

A

T10

Vagus nerve
Left inferior phrenic vessels

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30
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Controls flow of chyme between pylorus of stomach and duodenum

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31
Q

Which layer of the stomach forms rugae?

A

Mucosa

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32
Q

Which ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

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33
Q

The ligamentum teres is the remnant of which embryological structure?

A

Left fetal umbilical vein

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34
Q

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of which 2 vessels?

A

Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

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35
Q

What structures are present at the porta hepatis on the posterior surface of liver?

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Common hepatic duct

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36
Q

Name the duct that is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct

A

Common bile duct

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37
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

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38
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

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39
Q

What is the surface marking of the gallbladder?

A

9th costal cartilage at the midclavicular line on the right hand side

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40
Q

What is the surface marking of the spleen?

A

Lies obliquely along the axis of the 10th rib

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41
Q

Name 2 functions of the spleen

A

Acts as a filter for blood by removing old or damaged red blood cells
Important role in immune responses

42
Q

During a cholecystectomy, what artery must the surgeon be careful to avoid?

A

Cystic artery in Calot’s triangle

43
Q

What are the teniae coli made up of?

A

3 bands of longitudinal muscle

44
Q

How are the haustra formed?

A

Contraction of teniae coli

45
Q

Which artery supplies the superior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Superior rectal artery - branch of IMA

46
Q

What artery supplies the middle 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Middle rectal artery - branch of internal iliac

47
Q

Which artery supplies the inferior 1/3 of the rectum?

A

Inferior rectal artery - branch of internal iliac

48
Q

What vertebral level do the kidneys lie at?

49
Q

What vertebral level does the hilum of the kidney lie at?

A

L1 (transpyloric plane)

50
Q

Which vein drains into the left renal vein?

A

Left gonadal vein

51
Q

Are the ureters retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

52
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the ureters?

A

Stratified transitional epithelium

53
Q

Which type of tissue are the walls of the bladder composed of?

A

Elastic tissue

54
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the bladder?

A

Stratified transitional epithelium

55
Q

Which arteries supply the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid artery (branch of ECA)

Inferior thyroid artery (branch of subclavian)

56
Q

Which arteries mainly supply the parathyroid glands?

A

Inferior thyroid arteries

57
Q

What do the parathyroid glands release?

58
Q

What effect does PTH have on plasma calcium levels?

A

Increases plasma calcium

59
Q

Which surface of the thyroid gland do the parathyroid glands lie on?

A

Lateral half of posterior surface

60
Q

What substance is produced in the zona reticularis of the suprarenal glands?

A

Sex hormones e.g. testosterone

61
Q

What substance is produced in the zona fasiculataof the suprarenal glands?

62
Q

What substance is produced in the zona glomerulosa of the suprarenal glands?

A

Aldosterone

63
Q

What substance is produced in the medulla of the suprarenal glands?

A

Catecholamines e.g. norepinephrine

64
Q

What is the action of orbicularis oculi?

A

Closes the eye

65
Q

Which muscle gives motor innervation to orbicularis oculi?

66
Q

Which branch of the facial nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior tongue?

A

Chorda tympani

67
Q

Which branch of the trigeminal nerve provides motor and sensory innervation?

68
Q

Which nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland?

69
Q

Which nerve innervates the submandibular salivary gland?

70
Q

Which nerve innervates the sublingual salivary gland?

71
Q

Which muscle does the parotid duct pierce to enter the oral cavity?

A

Buccinator muscle

72
Q

Which muscles elevate the hyoid bone?

A

Myohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid

73
Q

Which muscles depress the hyoid bone?

A

Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

74
Q

Which muscles act to open the jaw and depress the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid

With help from:
Myohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric

75
Q

Which muscles of mastication close the jaw?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid

76
Q

Which of the 2 pterygoid muscles is largest?

77
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoid air cells

78
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A

Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus
Anterior and middle ethmoid air cells

79
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

80
Q

Which nerves carry taste sensation from anterior 1/3 tongue?

A

Chorda tympani branch of CN VII

81
Q

Which nerves carry general sensory fibres from anterior 1/3 tongue?

82
Q

Which nerves carry taste sensation from posterior 1/3 tongue?

83
Q

Which nerves carry general sensory fibres from posterior 1/3 tongue?

84
Q

What type of epithelium is present on the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

85
Q

What are the surface elevations on the dorsal 1/3 of the tongue produced by?

A

Submucosal lymphoid tissue collections

86
Q

At what age does the anterior fontanelle of the skull fuse?

A

18-24 months

87
Q

At what age does the posterior fontanelle of the skull close?

A

2-3 months

88
Q

Which embryological structure forms the lateral ventricles?

A

Telencephalon

89
Q

Which embryological structure forms the 3rd ventricle?

A

Mesencephalon

90
Q

Which embryological structure forms the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

91
Q

Which embryological structure forms the pons?

A

Metencephalon

92
Q

Which embryological structure forms the medulla?

A

Myelencephalon

93
Q

Which part of the neural tube do the optic vesicles grow out from?

A

Diencephalon

94
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance and motor coordination

95
Q

Which fissure splits the cerebellum into a small anterior and a large posterior lobe?

A

Primary fissure

96
Q

Which type of fibres are carried in the corpus callosum?

A

Commisural fibres

97
Q

Which type of fibres are carried in the internal capsule?

A

Projection fibres

98
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults?

99
Q

At what vertebral level would you carry out a lumbar puncture?

100
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs superior to the falx cerebri?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

101
Q

Which dural venous sinus lies beside the pituitary fossa?

A

Cavernous sinus

102
Q

Which part of the ethmoid bone does the falx cerebri attach to anteriorly?

A

Cristi gali

Anatomy (2 decks)

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