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NEUR1005 > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

By what is the CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexuses

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2
Q

Deep grooves in the brain

A

Fissures

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3
Q

Wrinkles on the surface of the cerebellum

A

Folium

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4
Q

Opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes

A

Foramen magnum

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5
Q

Pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and leave the spine (vertebral column) through…

A

Intervertebral foramina

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6
Q

Two ascending sensory pathways to the somatosensory cortex

A

Spinothalamic pathway

Dorsal column pathway

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7
Q

A spinal nerve innervates a…

A

Dermatome

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8
Q

A motor nerve innervates a…

A

Myotome (multiple muscles)

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9
Q

Hippocampus cortex

A

Entorhinal cortex

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10
Q

Axon tract that connects the hypothalamus and the hippocampus

A

Fornix

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11
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle

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12
Q

Transport in microtubules

A

Anterograde and retrograde

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13
Q

Number of pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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14
Q

The mesoderm gives rise to…

A

Vascular system, muscles, connective tissues

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15
Q

The endoderm gives rise to…

A

Gut, liver, pancreas, lungs

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16
Q

The process of how the ectoderm begins to give rise to the Nervous System

A

Neurulation

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17
Q

4 stages for the ectodermal cells to become neural progenitor cells

A

Competence
Specification
Commitment
Differentiation

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18
Q

4 types of astrocytes… and where?

A

Fibrous, white matter
Protoplasmic, grey matter
Muller glia, retina
Bergmann glia, cerebellum

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19
Q

By which cells is the blood-brain barrier formed?

A

Vascular endothelial cells

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20
Q

The three states of microglia

A

Resting “ramified”
Active
Phagocytic

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21
Q

Where are microglia progenitors found?

A

Myeloid lineage

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22
Q

Satellite (glial) cells are found on…

A

Dorsal root sensory ganglia
Sympathetic ganglia
Parasympathetic ganglia

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23
Q

They cover axon terminals at

the skeletal neuromuscular junction

A

Terminal glia

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24
Q

In what layer of the retina are Muller glia found?

A

Inner nuclear layer

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25
Q

What is reactive gliosis?

A

The injury response of Müller glia to retinal injury and disease by changing their morphology, biochemistry and physiology

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26
Q

Define proprioception

A

The sense of “being”

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27
Q

Define nociception

A

Response to (potentially) harmful stimuli

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28
Q

Ascensory pathways

A

Spinothalamic from skin to thalamus (pain and temperature)

Dorsal column from skin, joints to somatosensory cortex (touch and proprioception)

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29
Q

Relationship between enteric NS and parasympathetic NS

A

The enteric NS can act as an effector system for the parasympathetic (their neurons are connected)

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30
Q

Which autonomic PNS subdivision has a ganglia?

A

Sympathetic NS

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31
Q

Difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic NS axons

A

Long (paras.)

Short (symp.)

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32
Q

The parasympathetic and the sympathetic NS recruit information from which nerves in the spinal cord?

A

Cranial and sacral (paras.)

Thoracic and lumbar (symp.)

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33
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory cortex and memory (hippocampus)

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34
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual cortex

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35
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor cortex and high reasoning

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36
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory cortex

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37
Q

The forebrain is made up of…

A

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia)

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38
Q

What part of the brain is responsible of smell and where is it?

A

Olfactory bulb (forebrain)

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39
Q

The midbrain is made up of…

A 
Superior culliculus (optic tectum)
Inferior colliculus (nucleus of the auditory pathway)
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40
Q

What are the visceral cranial nerves?

A

Oculomotor (III)
Glossopharyngeal (VII)
Vagus (X)

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41
Q

What fibres are responsible for motor timing in the cerebellum?

A

Climbing fibres

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42
Q

How many synapses does each granule cell form with Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?

A

1

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43
Q

One climbing fibre connects directly to…

A

1 Purkinje cell

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44
Q

How many synapses between a climbing fibre and a Purkinje cell?

A

300

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45
Q

Interneurons in the cerebellum and their function

A 
Stellate and basket cells (surround inhibition)
Golgi cells (inhibitory feedback to control the gain of granule cells input to Purkinje cells)
46
Q

How does LTD affect the cerebellum?

A

It decreases the efficacy of parallel fibre and climbing fibre synapse transmission with Purkinje cells

47
Q

What do climbing fibres carry in the cerebellum?

A

Error signals that cause parallel fibre inputs to be weakened (plasticity of the synapses between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells)

48
Q

Morphogens are…

A

Diffusible proteins

49
Q

Do all induction signals come from morphogens?

A

NO

50
Q

Where is Shh produced?

A

In the notochord and in the floor plate

51
Q

The neuroepithelium can be divided into different… that will give rise to specific kinds of cells

A

Progenitor domains

52
Q

One oligodendrocyte myelinates…

A

Many axons

53
Q

One Schwann cell myelinates…

A

One axon

54
Q

One Schwann cell demyelinates…

A

Many axons

55
Q

Cell phases position in the inter kinetic nuclear migration

A 
S (basal)
G2 (apical)
M (apical)
G1 (apical)
S (basal)
56
Q

3H thymidine is used to directly measure…

A

Cell proliferation

It’s a radioactive nucleoside

57
Q

Where does tangential migration start? Where is it led?

A

It starts in the MGE (medial ganglionic eminence, subpallium) and goes to the neocortex (pallium)

58
Q

Is cell division symmetric or asymmetric in the ventricular zone?

A

Asymmetric

59
Q

Is cell division symmetric or asymmetric in the subventricular zone?

A

Symmetric

60
Q

Are pyramidal neurons excitatory or inhibitory in the cortex?

A

Excitatory

61
Q

Where do pyramidal neurons originate in the cortex?

A

Local ventricular zone

62
Q

What cells does tangential migration involve?

A

Inhibitory cortical interneurons

63
Q

What type of cells are encountered in the hippocampus? What are their axons?

A 
Granule cells (mossy fibres)
Pyramidal cells (Schaffer collaterals)
64
Q

What cortical layers are involved with thalamic input?

A

Layers 4 and 6

65
Q

Cortical layer 5 sends axons to…

A

The spinal cord and the striatum

66
Q

Cells types in the cortex

A

Pyramidal (excitatory)

Basket and clutch cells (inhibitory)

67
Q

Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS are regulated by the…

A

Hypothalamus

68
Q

What can you find in a neurones cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules (anterograde and retrograde transport of organelles and molecules, made of tubuline)
Microfilaments (made of actine)
Neurofilaments (core of the axon)

69
Q

Areas of the cortex involved in speech

A

Wernicke’s area (lateral sulcus - parietal and temporal lobe, understanding of speech and choosing the right words)
Broca’s area (frontal lobe, movements for speech)

70
Q

Diploblastic are organisms with only…

A

2 germ layers (mesoderm is missing)

71
Q

Neural crest fate

A

Cranial (skin, Schwann cells, connective tissues)
Vagal and lumbo-sacral (enteric NS)
Trunk (melanocytes, Schwann cells, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, medullar cells)

72
Q

Oligodendrocytes progenitors’ markers

A

Sox10
Pgdfra
Olig2

73
Q

Astrocytes marker

A

Fgfr3, Pdgfra

74
Q

Where do astrocytes come from?

A 
Radial glia (embryogenesis)
Transformation of radial glia at the end of neurogenesis
75
Q

Where do microglia come from? Where do they go?

A 
Myeloid lineage (bone marrow) → neural tube, where they become embryonic microglia.
They are mostly found in the white matter.
76
Q

What glial cells proliferate extensively?

A

Oligodendrocytes and microglia. NOT astrocytes.

77
Q

What do non-myelinating Schwann cells do?

A

They surround small non-myelinated axons

78
Q

What are terminal glia involved in?

A

They cover axon terminals at the skeletal neuromuscular junction

79
Q

Muller glia response to damaged retina

A

Reactive gliosis

80
Q

Schwann cells response to peripheral nerve injury

A

They phagocytise their own myelin and recruit macrophages to clean up residues.
They remyelinate axons but the sheaths are now thinner.

81
Q

Where are Bergmann glia found?

A

Purkinje cell layer, cerebellum

82
Q

What are mature Bergmann glia? What do they express?

A

Astrocytes with long processes that cross the molecular layer. They express GABA and glutamate transporters.

83
Q

What do Bergmann glia do in the developing cerebellum?

A

They guide radial migration of immature neurons

84
Q

Where do Bergmann glia originate?

A

In the 4th ventricle from neuroepithelial cells. They migrate from the VZ to the mantle zone.

85
Q

What does the alar plate originate?

A

The dorsal horn of the spinal cord

86
Q

A protein necessary for correct cell migration along radial glia in the cerebral cortex…

A

Reelin, produced by Cajal-Retzius cells close to the pial surface

87
Q

Histogenesis in the neural tube…

A

Progression defines regionality

88
Q

The “knee jerk” circuit is/has…

A

Monosynaptic
1 motor neuron
1 sensory neuron

89
Q

Growth cone guidance is influenced by…

A 
CAMs (adhesion to the substrate)
Guiding factor (attraction/repulsion)
90
Q

Examples of growth cone guidance

A

Depolymerisation of actine (turn left/right)
Stabilisation of microtubules (go forward)
Destabilisation of microtubules (turn)

91
Q

An axon is finding its topographic location. What is it influenced by?

A

Ephrine and eph gradients.

Interaction of ephrine with eph will inhibit axonal growth.

92
Q

Chemoaffinity hypothesis

A

Complementary chemical markers on growing axons and their target

93
Q

Each muscle is innervated by how many nerves?

A

2

94
Q

Size of a large soma

A

70-100 micrometers

95
Q

What organs are located in the ventricles? What are they responsible of?

A

Circumventricular organs. Responsible for linkage between the CNS and the peripheral blood stream.

96
Q

The 5th lobe…

A

Limbic lobe, around the corpus callosum

97
Q

Main input to the cerebellum comes from what system?

A

Vestibular system

98
Q

The limbic system is made up of…

A

Hippocampus and amigdala

99
Q

Thalamic nuclei

A

Specific
Associative
Diffuse

100
Q

Where do climbing fibres found in the cerebellum come from?

A

Inferior olive, medulla

101
Q

Mossy fibers in the cerebellum relay sensory information from…

A

The pons

102
Q

Role of the enteric NS

A

Control of secretion and muscular activity of the digestive system from the esophagus to the rectum

103
Q

What types of neurons are found in the enteric NS and where?

A

Sensory + motor neurons and interneurons in the walls of the gastrointestinal system

104
Q

Motor proteins involved in neuron microtubules transport

A

Kinesin and dynein

105
Q

Where are mitochondria found in neurons?

A

Soma, dendrites, axons

106
Q

Where do oligodendrocytes originate?

A

Ventral zone of the spinal cord and of the telencephalon

107
Q

The olfactory bulb is supplied with new neurons by…

A

The adult SV zone

108
Q

Adults stem cells are remnants of…

A

The embryonic neuroepithelium

109
Q

Define neurovascular coupling

A

Relationship between local neural activity and the changes in cerebral blood flow

110
Q

What is the procedural region?

A

Cluster of ectodermal cells that acquire the potential to give rise to neuronal precursors

111
Q

The NGF is taken up by which neurons?

A

Sympathetic neurons (retrograde transport)

112
Q

What do axons do to find their targets?

A 
Defasciculation
Enter, branch, stay in place
Find topographic location 
Find layer
Connect with target

NEUR1005 (1 decks)

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