Revision Flashcards
1
Q
By what is the CSF produced?
A
Choroid plexuses
2
Q
Deep grooves in the brain
A
Fissures
3
Q
Wrinkles on the surface of the cerebellum
A
Folium
4
Q
Opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes
A
Foramen magnum
5
Q
Pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and leave the spine (vertebral column) through…
A
Intervertebral foramina
6
Q
Two ascending sensory pathways to the somatosensory cortex
A
Spinothalamic pathway
Dorsal column pathway
7
Q
A spinal nerve innervates a…
A
Dermatome
8
Q
A motor nerve innervates a…
A
Myotome (multiple muscles)
9
Q
Hippocampus cortex
A
Entorhinal cortex
10
Q
Axon tract that connects the hypothalamus and the hippocampus
A
Fornix
11
Q
What is the neuromuscular junction?
A
The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle
12
Q
Transport in microtubules
A
Anterograde and retrograde
13
Q
Number of pairs of spinal nerves
A
31
14
Q
The mesoderm gives rise to…
A
Vascular system, muscles, connective tissues
15
Q
The endoderm gives rise to…
A
Gut, liver, pancreas, lungs
16
Q
The process of how the ectoderm begins to give rise to the Nervous System
A
Neurulation
17
Q
4 stages for the ectodermal cells to become neural progenitor cells
A
Competence
Specification
Commitment
Differentiation
18
Q
4 types of astrocytes… and where?
A
Fibrous, white matter
Protoplasmic, grey matter
Muller glia, retina
Bergmann glia, cerebellum
19
Q
By which cells is the blood-brain barrier formed?
A
Vascular endothelial cells
20
Q
The three states of microglia
A
Resting “ramified”
Active
Phagocytic
21
Q
Where are microglia progenitors found?
A
Myeloid lineage
22
Q
Satellite (glial) cells are found on…
A
Dorsal root sensory ganglia
Sympathetic ganglia
Parasympathetic ganglia
23
Q
They cover axon terminals at
the skeletal neuromuscular junction
A
Terminal glia
24
Q
In what layer of the retina are Muller glia found?
A
Inner nuclear layer
25
What is reactive gliosis?
The injury response of Müller glia to retinal injury and disease by changing their morphology, biochemistry and physiology
26
Define proprioception
The sense of "being"
27
Define nociception
Response to (potentially) harmful stimuli
28
Ascensory pathways
Spinothalamic from skin to thalamus (pain and temperature)
| Dorsal column from skin, joints to somatosensory cortex (touch and proprioception)
29
Relationship between enteric NS and parasympathetic NS
The enteric NS can act as an effector system for the parasympathetic (their neurons are connected)
30
Which autonomic PNS subdivision has a ganglia?
Sympathetic NS
31
Difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic NS axons
Long (paras.)
| Short (symp.)
32
The parasympathetic and the sympathetic NS recruit information from which nerves in the spinal cord?
Cranial and sacral (paras.)
| Thoracic and lumbar (symp.)
33
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex and memory (hippocampus)
34
Occipital lobe
Visual cortex
35
Frontal lobe
Motor cortex and high reasoning
36
Parietal lobe
Sensory cortex
37
The forebrain is made up of...
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
| Telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia)
38
What part of the brain is responsible of smell and where is it?
Olfactory bulb (forebrain)
39
The midbrain is made up of...
```
Superior culliculus (optic tectum)
Inferior colliculus (nucleus of the auditory pathway)
```
40
What are the visceral cranial nerves?
Oculomotor (III)
Glossopharyngeal (VII)
Vagus (X)
41
What fibres are responsible for motor timing in the cerebellum?
Climbing fibres
42
How many synapses does each granule cell form with Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
1
43
One climbing fibre connects directly to...
1 Purkinje cell
44
How many synapses between a climbing fibre and a Purkinje cell?
300
45
Interneurons in the cerebellum and their function
```
Stellate and basket cells (surround inhibition)
Golgi cells (inhibitory feedback to control the gain of granule cells input to Purkinje cells)
```
46
How does LTD affect the cerebellum?
It decreases the efficacy of parallel fibre and climbing fibre synapse transmission with Purkinje cells
47
What do climbing fibres carry in the cerebellum?
Error signals that cause parallel fibre inputs to be weakened (plasticity of the synapses between parallel fibres and Purkinje cells)
48
Morphogens are...
Diffusible proteins
49
Do all induction signals come from morphogens?
NO
50
Where is Shh produced?
In the notochord and in the floor plate
51
The neuroepithelium can be divided into different... that will give rise to specific kinds of cells
Progenitor domains
52
One oligodendrocyte myelinates...
Many axons
53
One Schwann cell myelinates...
One axon
54
One Schwann cell demyelinates...
Many axons
55
Cell phases position in the inter kinetic nuclear migration
```
S (basal)
G2 (apical)
M (apical)
G1 (apical)
S (basal)
```
56
3H thymidine is used to directly measure...
Cell proliferation
| It's a radioactive nucleoside
57
Where does tangential migration start? Where is it led?
It starts in the MGE (medial ganglionic eminence, subpallium) and goes to the neocortex (pallium)
58
Is cell division symmetric or asymmetric in the ventricular zone?
Asymmetric
59
Is cell division symmetric or asymmetric in the subventricular zone?
Symmetric
60
Are pyramidal neurons excitatory or inhibitory in the cortex?
Excitatory
61
Where do pyramidal neurons originate in the cortex?
Local ventricular zone
62
What cells does tangential migration involve?
Inhibitory cortical interneurons
63
What type of cells are encountered in the hippocampus? What are their axons?
```
Granule cells (mossy fibres)
Pyramidal cells (Schaffer collaterals)
```
64
What cortical layers are involved with thalamic input?
Layers 4 and 6
65
Cortical layer 5 sends axons to...
The spinal cord and the striatum
66
Cells types in the cortex
Pyramidal (excitatory)
| Basket and clutch cells (inhibitory)
67
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS are regulated by the...
Hypothalamus
68
What can you find in a neurones cytoskeleton?
Microtubules (anterograde and retrograde transport of organelles and molecules, made of tubuline)
Microfilaments (made of actine)
Neurofilaments (core of the axon)
69
Areas of the cortex involved in speech
Wernicke's area (lateral sulcus - parietal and temporal lobe, understanding of speech and choosing the right words)
Broca's area (frontal lobe, movements for speech)
70
Diploblastic are organisms with only...
2 germ layers (mesoderm is missing)
71
Neural crest fate
Cranial (skin, Schwann cells, connective tissues)
Vagal and lumbo-sacral (enteric NS)
Trunk (melanocytes, Schwann cells, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, medullar cells)
72
Oligodendrocytes progenitors' markers
Sox10
Pgdfra
Olig2
73
Astrocytes marker
Fgfr3, Pdgfra
74
Where do astrocytes come from?
```
Radial glia (embryogenesis)
Transformation of radial glia at the end of neurogenesis
```
75
Where do microglia come from? Where do they go?
```
Myeloid lineage (bone marrow) → neural tube, where they become embryonic microglia.
They are mostly found in the white matter.
```
76
What glial cells proliferate extensively?
Oligodendrocytes and microglia. NOT astrocytes.
77
What do non-myelinating Schwann cells do?
They surround small non-myelinated axons
78
What are terminal glia involved in?
They cover axon terminals at the skeletal neuromuscular junction
79
Muller glia response to damaged retina
Reactive gliosis
80
Schwann cells response to peripheral nerve injury
They phagocytise their own myelin and recruit macrophages to clean up residues.
They remyelinate axons but the sheaths are now thinner.
81
Where are Bergmann glia found?
Purkinje cell layer, cerebellum
82
What are mature Bergmann glia? What do they express?
Astrocytes with long processes that cross the molecular layer. They express GABA and glutamate transporters.
83
What do Bergmann glia do in the developing cerebellum?
They guide radial migration of immature neurons
84
Where do Bergmann glia originate?
In the 4th ventricle from neuroepithelial cells. They migrate from the VZ to the mantle zone.
85
What does the alar plate originate?
The dorsal horn of the spinal cord
86
A protein necessary for correct cell migration along radial glia in the cerebral cortex...
Reelin, produced by Cajal-Retzius cells close to the pial surface
87
Histogenesis in the neural tube...
Progression defines regionality
88
The "knee jerk" circuit is/has...
Monosynaptic
1 motor neuron
1 sensory neuron
89
Growth cone guidance is influenced by...
```
CAMs (adhesion to the substrate)
Guiding factor (attraction/repulsion)
```
90
Examples of growth cone guidance
Depolymerisation of actine (turn left/right)
Stabilisation of microtubules (go forward)
Destabilisation of microtubules (turn)
91
An axon is finding its topographic location. What is it influenced by?
Ephrine and eph gradients.
| Interaction of ephrine with eph will inhibit axonal growth.
92
Chemoaffinity hypothesis
Complementary chemical markers on growing axons and their target
93
Each muscle is innervated by how many nerves?
2
94
Size of a large soma
70-100 micrometers
95
What organs are located in the ventricles? What are they responsible of?
Circumventricular organs. Responsible for linkage between the CNS and the peripheral blood stream.
96
The 5th lobe...
Limbic lobe, around the corpus callosum
97
Main input to the cerebellum comes from what system?
Vestibular system
98
The limbic system is made up of...
Hippocampus and amigdala
99
Thalamic nuclei
Specific
Associative
Diffuse
100
Where do climbing fibres found in the cerebellum come from?
Inferior olive, medulla
101
Mossy fibers in the cerebellum relay sensory information from...
The pons
102
Role of the enteric NS
Control of secretion and muscular activity of the digestive system from the esophagus to the rectum
103
What types of neurons are found in the enteric NS and where?
Sensory + motor neurons and interneurons in the walls of the gastrointestinal system
104
Motor proteins involved in neuron microtubules transport
Kinesin and dynein
105
Where are mitochondria found in neurons?
Soma, dendrites, axons
106
Where do oligodendrocytes originate?
Ventral zone of the spinal cord and of the telencephalon
107
The olfactory bulb is supplied with new neurons by...
The adult SV zone
108
Adults stem cells are remnants of...
The embryonic neuroepithelium
109
Define neurovascular coupling
Relationship between local neural activity and the changes in cerebral blood flow
110
What is the procedural region?
Cluster of ectodermal cells that acquire the potential to give rise to neuronal precursors
111
The NGF is taken up by which neurons?
Sympathetic neurons (retrograde transport)
112
What do axons do to find their targets?
```
Defasciculation
Enter, branch, stay in place
Find topographic location
Find layer
Connect with target
```
