Revision Flashcards
What is IAS?
Raw uncorrected number off airspeed gauge
How is IAS calibrated?
To sea level (1013.2 Hpa/15 degrees`
For the 727, when will the cockpit gauge read correctly?
Aircraft is at sea level OAT is 15 Baro is 1013.2 No interference to air flow over pitot or static vents (no pressure error) No errors in instrument mechanism Aircraft flying 200kts
How do we get calibrated airspeed?
Total amount of instrument error and pressure error corrections applied to IAS
What will happen to CAS if climbing at fixed EAS?
CAS will be greater
What is EAS equal to related to CAS?
EAS is always equal to or less than CAS
What happens to TAS if climbing at constant IAS in climb?
TAS increases with altitude
What is the difference to speed of sound in cold environments compared to hot?
Speed of sound slower in cold than warm
fast in warm air, slow in cold air
What is the speed of sound in higher altitudes compared to lower one?
Speed of sound is low at high altitudes where temps are cold
When do shockwaves form?
When air accelerating over wing reaches M1.0
What is Mcrit?
Actual mach number when shock wave occurs
What does Mach define relationship to
TAS to speed of sound
What will climbing at fixed Mach number do to TAS?
TAS reduces
What is Vmo/Mmo?
Normal operating speeds
Is Vmo/Mmo higher or lower than Vne?
Lower
How do we see Vmo/Mmo?
On barbers pole on ASI
What will climbing at IAS just below Vmo do to Mmo?
Mmo eventually exceeded?
What is relationship between true OAT to TAT?
True OAT always equal to or colder than TAT
What is TORA?
Physical length of the pavement
With regards to TORA, what must happen to an aircraft taking off at the end of TORA?
Must be airborne
What is ASDA?
Length of the pavement plus any stopway at the end of runway
Is the stopway required to be pavement?
No, just must be able to support weight of aircraft and not cause significant damage to aircraft structure
What is ASDR?
Accelerate/stop distance required by aircraft assuming rejection of takeoff at V1
What is the relationship between ASDR and ASDA re takeoff weight?
Takeoff weight shall be such that ASDR shall not exceed ASDA
What is TODA?
Length of runway plus any clearway (including stopway) at end of runway
What is the relationship between TODA and aircraft take off weight?
Take off weight shall be such that it reaches 35 feet AGL by end of clearway following failure of critical engine at V1
What is TODR?
Distance required for aircraft to reach 35ft AGL following failure of critical engine at V1
What is STOD?
Length of runway available for ACCELERATE/GO from V1
What is EOL?
Effective operational length is the lesser of TODA, ASDA and STOD less the aircraft lineup allowance (45m)
What is the primary runway?
Runway with longest EOL
What is Vs1?
Stall speed in take off config
flap at T.O, gear down, CoG at rear envelope limit, prop in T.O., zero thrust or flight idle
What is Vmcg?
Minimum speed a/c is controllable on ground using only aerodynamic devices (no nosewheel steering)
What is VMU?
Speed at which ac can first safely become airborne with power at takeoff in takeoff config, nose at max positive angle (generally cause tailstrike)
What is Vlof?
Speed at which aircraft becomes airborne after rotating at Vr
What is Vef?
Engine failure speed, CAS at which critical engine is assumed to have failed
What is Vmca?
Minimum steady flight speed at which pilot can maintain a/c direction with one engine at full power and other completely failed
What is the go with stall speed with forward CoG and aft CoG?
Higher stall speed at forward CoG
Lower stall speed at aft CoG
What is V1?
Speed at which decision is made to continue take off or abort if engine fails (if hit V1 must continue take off)
What is Vr?
Best speed to rotate. Gain as much height as possible in least horizontal distance
What is Min V2
Minimum safe speed to leave ground effect and guarantee continued climb even with one engine fail
What speed is higher, V1 or Vef?
V1
What is the time delay between Vef and V1 and what is it for?
0.5 s
Identify that an engine has failed
What is the time between V1 and initiating wheel braking?
2 s
What is the time delay between brake activation and throttle closure?
1s
What is time delay for throttle closure and raising of lift dump and speedbrake?
1s
What happens if ASDR is greater than ASDA?
You will run off end of runway
With regards to certification runway performance, what is assumed with the start?
Standing start
What does a rolling start do to runway takeoff distance required?
Increases it
Which engine is critical engine in crosswind?
Upwind engine
What happens to V1 and take off weight with greater ASDA?
Higher V1
Higher takeoff weight
Considering rejected take off only, what do long/short runways do to V1?
Long = higher V1 Short = lower V1
Considering rejected take off only on fixed ASDA what does high/low take off weights do to V1?
High = lower V1 Low = Higher V1
What does runways contaminated by water, ice, snow etc do to V1 speed?
Lower V1
If a runway has a stopway at the end of the TORA, what happens to V1?
Higher V1
What is the runway limitation for de-rated takeoff?
Dry runway only
What is de rated take off? When would you use it?
Less than full power is required to achieve 35 ft by end of TODA and ASDA.
Long runway and/or takeoff weight low
What does engine bleed air extraction do to thrust, acceleration and deceleration?
Reduce thrust supplied by engines
Slower acceleration
No affect of deceleration
What is the effect of flap on V1 speed?
Greater the flap, lower the V1 speed
What must VR be equal to with relation to V1, Vmcg and Vmca?
Equal to or greater than V1 and Vmcg
At least 5% greater than Vmca
What happens to take off distance if you rotate before or after Vr?
Increase take off distance by 35ft
What is V2?
Takeoff safety speed
What is V2min?
The higher of 1.1VMCA and 1.2 Vs
When must V2min be reached?
At or before end of TODA
What does more flap do to runway weight and climb weight?
Increases runway limit weight
Decreases climb limit weight
What does greater flap do to stall, V1, Vr, V2 min and TORR?
Reduces them all
What does increase weight do to stall speed?
Increases stall speed
What does increase weight do to TODR, V2 speed and rate of climb?
Increase TODR
Increase V2 Speed
Greater rate of climb
What is Vmbe?
Speed above which there will be insufficient brake energy available to stop a/c after rejected take within given ASDA
What speed can V1 be in relation to Vmbe?
Equal but not greater than Vmbe
What factors reduce (improve) Vmcg value?
High density Reduced takeoff thrust Large tail fin area Large rudder area/large rudder deflection available Forward CoG Short distance from engine to fuselage
What must V1 and Vr be in relation to Vmcg?
Equal to or greater than Vmcg
What happens to Vmcg speeds with forward/rear CoG?
Less with forward CoG
Higher with rear CoG
What is gross climb gradient?
Minimum climb performance that must be satisfied during certification trials without ground effect
What is net climb gradient?
Gross gradients with an standard deviation deduction for pilot operating technique of line pilots instead of test pilots (reduction in thrust performance due to age)
What is the maximum legal reported tailwind component?
10kt
Does the legal landing distance required apply in emergency situations?
No
What is the gust additives?
Increase published nul wind vref approach speed by half the steady headwind component plus all gust value up to a maximum additive of 20kt
What is aim point past approach threshold?
20feet x threshold crossing height (for 3 degrees glidepath
What effect does speed have on your LDR and aim point?
No effect on aim point
Large effect on LDR
What does excess height at threshold do to aim point?
Extra distance added past aim point
What is the go with ACN and PCN?
ACN can equal but not exceed PCN
What is angle of climb formula?
(Thrust - Drag ) / Weight
What is Vy?
Best rate of climb
Formula for rate of climb?
Excess power available / weight
Which is faster, best rate or best angle?
Best rate
When does best rate occur?
When power available vs power required is at maximum
What affect does headwind and tail wind have on best rate of climb?
None
What does headwind do to climb angle?
Increases it
How do you get max angle of climb?
Maximum excess thrust
What is relationship between best anlge L/D and Vimd?
Best angle is at L/D Max
Vimd and is slower than for best rate
What happens at Vy as IAS as altitude is gained above FL250?
Reduces
What does increase in weight have on rate and angle of climb?
Decrease in climb angle and climb rate (so therefore optimum airspeed for max angle and rate is faster for heavier aircraft)
What does high temperatures and low QNH do to rate and angle of climb?
Decreases it
What does high temperatures and low QNH do to time, fuel burn and distance to ToPC?
Increases it
What does headwind/tail wind do to climb angle?
Head wind Increases climb angle
Tailwind decreases climb angle
What is the longest endurance time for jet aircraft?
L/D Max (Vimd) where thrust to overcome drag is least (less thrust = less fuel flow)
What does increased altitude do to endurance for jet?
Increase endurance
At a higher altitude, what happens to holding speed?
Occurs at higher TAS
Where does best specific endurance occur for jet?
At or near tropopause
For speed stability, what speed should you do for holding? WHy?
Slightly faster than Vimd
Incase of gusts, if speed is lost then speed reduce rapidly to stall
What affect does weight have on glide distance if operating at the speed for L/D Mac?
No effect
What does flying faster/slower than L/D Max have on glide distance?
Reduces it
What is the climb schedule of the 727?
310 kts IAS and 0.78M
What happens to the fuel on hot days when loaded?
Will be less dense and tanks produce lower fuel weight
What happens to the fuel on cold days when loaded?
Will be more dense and tanks produce higher fuel weight
What happens to MRC and LRC Mach numbers as gross weight reduces?
Both reduce
What does MRC achieve?
Best air distance covered (best SAR)
What does Vimd achieve?
Longest endurance
Holding pattern speed
What happens to SAR as weight decreases?
It increases
What happens to total drag curve in dirty configuration?
Moves left and up
What happens to LRC and MRC speeds in dirty configuration?
Speeds are lower
What happens to CAS if there is a change in OAT but the Mach number remains the same?
CAS remains unchanged
What does forward CoG do to range?
Reduces it
What does rear CoG do to range?
Increases it
In relation to position of CP, where is PNR?
At or beyond CP
What is CP?
Flight time home and flight time on are the same if you go on or home
What is PNR?
Last position at which fuel on board will allow you to return to airport behind you
What is optimum flight level?
Fuel flow/TAS relationship gives lowest SAR
How much extra fuel is burnt if flap extended 2 mins early on descent?
120 kg fuel
What does increases apparent weight and altitude do to manoeuvre margin?
Reduces it
