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ATPL Performance and Loading > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is IAS?

A

Raw uncorrected number off airspeed gauge

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2
Q

How is IAS calibrated?

A

To sea level (1013.2 Hpa/15 degrees`

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3
Q

For the 727, when will the cockpit gauge read correctly?

A 
Aircraft is at sea level
OAT is 15
Baro is 1013.2
No interference to air flow over pitot or static vents (no pressure error)
No errors in instrument mechanism
Aircraft flying 200kts
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4
Q

How do we get calibrated airspeed?

A

Total amount of instrument error and pressure error corrections applied to IAS

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5
Q

What will happen to CAS if climbing at fixed EAS?

A

CAS will be greater

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6
Q

What is EAS equal to related to CAS?

A

EAS is always equal to or less than CAS

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7
Q

What happens to TAS if climbing at constant IAS in climb?

A

TAS increases with altitude

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8
Q

What is the difference to speed of sound in cold environments compared to hot?

A

Speed of sound slower in cold than warm

fast in warm air, slow in cold air

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9
Q

What is the speed of sound in higher altitudes compared to lower one?

A

Speed of sound is low at high altitudes where temps are cold

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10
Q

When do shockwaves form?

A

When air accelerating over wing reaches M1.0

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11
Q

What is Mcrit?

A

Actual mach number when shock wave occurs

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12
Q

What does Mach define relationship to

A

TAS to speed of sound

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13
Q

What will climbing at fixed Mach number do to TAS?

A

TAS reduces

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14
Q

What is Vmo/Mmo?

A

Normal operating speeds

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15
Q

Is Vmo/Mmo higher or lower than Vne?

A

Lower

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16
Q

How do we see Vmo/Mmo?

A

On barbers pole on ASI

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17
Q

What will climbing at IAS just below Vmo do to Mmo?

A

Mmo eventually exceeded?

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18
Q

What is relationship between true OAT to TAT?

A

True OAT always equal to or colder than TAT

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19
Q

What is TORA?

A

Physical length of the pavement

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20
Q

With regards to TORA, what must happen to an aircraft taking off at the end of TORA?

A

Must be airborne

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21
Q

What is ASDA?

A

Length of the pavement plus any stopway at the end of runway

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22
Q

Is the stopway required to be pavement?

A

No, just must be able to support weight of aircraft and not cause significant damage to aircraft structure

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23
Q

What is ASDR?

A

Accelerate/stop distance required by aircraft assuming rejection of takeoff at V1

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24
Q

What is the relationship between ASDR and ASDA re takeoff weight?

A

Takeoff weight shall be such that ASDR shall not exceed ASDA

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25
Q

What is TODA?

A

Length of runway plus any clearway (including stopway) at end of runway

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26
Q

What is the relationship between TODA and aircraft take off weight?

A

Take off weight shall be such that it reaches 35 feet AGL by end of clearway following failure of critical engine at V1

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27
Q

What is TODR?

A

Distance required for aircraft to reach 35ft AGL following failure of critical engine at V1

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28
Q

What is STOD?

A

Length of runway available for ACCELERATE/GO from V1

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29
Q

What is EOL?

A

Effective operational length is the lesser of TODA, ASDA and STOD less the aircraft lineup allowance (45m)

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30
Q

What is the primary runway?

A

Runway with longest EOL

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31
Q

What is Vs1?

A

Stall speed in take off config

flap at T.O, gear down, CoG at rear envelope limit, prop in T.O., zero thrust or flight idle

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32
Q

What is Vmcg?

A

Minimum speed a/c is controllable on ground using only aerodynamic devices (no nosewheel steering)

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33
Q

What is VMU?

A

Speed at which ac can first safely become airborne with power at takeoff in takeoff config, nose at max positive angle (generally cause tailstrike)

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34
Q

What is Vlof?

A

Speed at which aircraft becomes airborne after rotating at Vr

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35
Q

What is Vef?

A

Engine failure speed, CAS at which critical engine is assumed to have failed

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36
Q

What is Vmca?

A

Minimum steady flight speed at which pilot can maintain a/c direction with one engine at full power and other completely failed

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37
Q

What is the go with stall speed with forward CoG and aft CoG?

A

Higher stall speed at forward CoG

Lower stall speed at aft CoG

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38
Q

What is V1?

A

Speed at which decision is made to continue take off or abort if engine fails (if hit V1 must continue take off)

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39
Q

What is Vr?

A

Best speed to rotate. Gain as much height as possible in least horizontal distance

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40
Q

What is Min V2

A

Minimum safe speed to leave ground effect and guarantee continued climb even with one engine fail

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41
Q

What speed is higher, V1 or Vef?

A

V1

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42
Q

What is the time delay between Vef and V1 and what is it for?

A

0.5 s

Identify that an engine has failed

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43
Q

What is the time between V1 and initiating wheel braking?

A

2 s

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44
Q

What is the time delay between brake activation and throttle closure?

A

1s

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45
Q

What is time delay for throttle closure and raising of lift dump and speedbrake?

A

1s

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46
Q

What happens if ASDR is greater than ASDA?

A

You will run off end of runway

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47
Q

With regards to certification runway performance, what is assumed with the start?

A

Standing start

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48
Q

What does a rolling start do to runway takeoff distance required?

A

Increases it

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49
Q

Which engine is critical engine in crosswind?

A

Upwind engine

50
Q

What happens to V1 and take off weight with greater ASDA?

A

Higher V1

Higher takeoff weight

51
Q

Considering rejected take off only, what do long/short runways do to V1?

A 
Long = higher V1
Short = lower V1
52
Q

Considering rejected take off only on fixed ASDA what does high/low take off weights do to V1?

A 
High = lower V1
Low = Higher V1
53
Q

What does runways contaminated by water, ice, snow etc do to V1 speed?

A

Lower V1

54
Q

If a runway has a stopway at the end of the TORA, what happens to V1?

A

Higher V1

55
Q

What is the runway limitation for de-rated takeoff?

A

Dry runway only

56
Q

What is de rated take off? When would you use it?

A

Less than full power is required to achieve 35 ft by end of TODA and ASDA.
Long runway and/or takeoff weight low

57
Q

What does engine bleed air extraction do to thrust, acceleration and deceleration?

A

Reduce thrust supplied by engines
Slower acceleration
No affect of deceleration

58
Q

What is the effect of flap on V1 speed?

A

Greater the flap, lower the V1 speed

59
Q

What must VR be equal to with relation to V1, Vmcg and Vmca?

A

Equal to or greater than V1 and Vmcg

At least 5% greater than Vmca

60
Q

What happens to take off distance if you rotate before or after Vr?

A

Increase take off distance by 35ft

61
Q

What is V2?

A

Takeoff safety speed

62
Q

What is V2min?

A

The higher of 1.1VMCA and 1.2 Vs

63
Q

When must V2min be reached?

A

At or before end of TODA

64
Q

What does more flap do to runway weight and climb weight?

A

Increases runway limit weight

Decreases climb limit weight

65
Q

What does greater flap do to stall, V1, Vr, V2 min and TORR?

A

Reduces them all

66
Q

What does increase weight do to stall speed?

A

Increases stall speed

67
Q

What does increase weight do to TODR, V2 speed and rate of climb?

A

Increase TODR
Increase V2 Speed
Greater rate of climb

68
Q

What is Vmbe?

A

Speed above which there will be insufficient brake energy available to stop a/c after rejected take within given ASDA

69
Q

What speed can V1 be in relation to Vmbe?

A

Equal but not greater than Vmbe

70
Q

What factors reduce (improve) Vmcg value?

A 
High density
Reduced takeoff thrust
Large tail fin area
Large rudder area/large rudder deflection available
Forward CoG
Short distance from engine to fuselage
71
Q

What must V1 and Vr be in relation to Vmcg?

A

Equal to or greater than Vmcg

72
Q

What happens to Vmcg speeds with forward/rear CoG?

A

Less with forward CoG

Higher with rear CoG

73
Q

What is gross climb gradient?

A

Minimum climb performance that must be satisfied during certification trials without ground effect

74
Q

What is net climb gradient?

A

Gross gradients with an standard deviation deduction for pilot operating technique of line pilots instead of test pilots (reduction in thrust performance due to age)

75
Q

What is the maximum legal reported tailwind component?

A

10kt

76
Q

Does the legal landing distance required apply in emergency situations?

A

No

77
Q

What is the gust additives?

A

Increase published nul wind vref approach speed by half the steady headwind component plus all gust value up to a maximum additive of 20kt

78
Q

What is aim point past approach threshold?

A

20feet x threshold crossing height (for 3 degrees glidepath

79
Q

What effect does speed have on your LDR and aim point?

A

No effect on aim point

Large effect on LDR

80
Q

What does excess height at threshold do to aim point?

A

Extra distance added past aim point

81
Q

What is the go with ACN and PCN?

A

ACN can equal but not exceed PCN

82
Q

What is angle of climb formula?

A

(Thrust - Drag ) / Weight

83
Q

What is Vy?

A

Best rate of climb

84
Q

Formula for rate of climb?

A

Excess power available / weight

85
Q

Which is faster, best rate or best angle?

A

Best rate

86
Q

When does best rate occur?

A

When power available vs power required is at maximum

87
Q

What affect does headwind and tail wind have on best rate of climb?

A

None

88
Q

What does headwind do to climb angle?

A

Increases it

89
Q

How do you get max angle of climb?

A

Maximum excess thrust

90
Q

What is relationship between best anlge L/D and Vimd?

A

Best angle is at L/D Max

Vimd and is slower than for best rate

91
Q

What happens at Vy as IAS as altitude is gained above FL250?

A

Reduces

92
Q

What does increase in weight have on rate and angle of climb?

A

Decrease in climb angle and climb rate (so therefore optimum airspeed for max angle and rate is faster for heavier aircraft)

93
Q

What does high temperatures and low QNH do to rate and angle of climb?

A

Decreases it

94
Q

What does high temperatures and low QNH do to time, fuel burn and distance to ToPC?

A

Increases it

95
Q

What does headwind/tail wind do to climb angle?

A

Head wind Increases climb angle

Tailwind decreases climb angle

96
Q

What is the longest endurance time for jet aircraft?

A

L/D Max (Vimd) where thrust to overcome drag is least (less thrust = less fuel flow)

97
Q

What does increased altitude do to endurance for jet?

A

Increase endurance

98
Q

At a higher altitude, what happens to holding speed?

A

Occurs at higher TAS

99
Q

Where does best specific endurance occur for jet?

A

At or near tropopause

100
Q

For speed stability, what speed should you do for holding? WHy?

A

Slightly faster than Vimd

Incase of gusts, if speed is lost then speed reduce rapidly to stall

101
Q

What affect does weight have on glide distance if operating at the speed for L/D Mac?

A

No effect

102
Q

What does flying faster/slower than L/D Max have on glide distance?

A

Reduces it

103
Q

What is the climb schedule of the 727?

A

310 kts IAS and 0.78M

104
Q

What happens to the fuel on hot days when loaded?

A

Will be less dense and tanks produce lower fuel weight

105
Q

What happens to the fuel on cold days when loaded?

A

Will be more dense and tanks produce higher fuel weight

106
Q

What happens to MRC and LRC Mach numbers as gross weight reduces?

A

Both reduce

107
Q

What does MRC achieve?

A

Best air distance covered (best SAR)

108
Q

What does Vimd achieve?

A

Longest endurance

Holding pattern speed

109
Q

What happens to SAR as weight decreases?

A

It increases

110
Q

What happens to total drag curve in dirty configuration?

A

Moves left and up

111
Q

What happens to LRC and MRC speeds in dirty configuration?

A

Speeds are lower

112
Q

What happens to CAS if there is a change in OAT but the Mach number remains the same?

A

CAS remains unchanged

113
Q

What does forward CoG do to range?

A

Reduces it

114
Q

What does rear CoG do to range?

A

Increases it

115
Q

In relation to position of CP, where is PNR?

A

At or beyond CP

116
Q

What is CP?

A

Flight time home and flight time on are the same if you go on or home

117
Q

What is PNR?

A

Last position at which fuel on board will allow you to return to airport behind you

118
Q

What is optimum flight level?

A

Fuel flow/TAS relationship gives lowest SAR

119
Q

How much extra fuel is burnt if flap extended 2 mins early on descent?

A

120 kg fuel

120
Q

What does increases apparent weight and altitude do to manoeuvre margin?

A

Reduces it

ATPL Performance and Loading (1 decks)

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