Revision Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What is IAS?
A
Raw uncorrected number off airspeed gauge
2
Q
How is IAS calibrated?
A
To sea level (1013.2 Hpa/15 degrees`
3
Q
For the 727, when will the cockpit gauge read correctly?
A
Aircraft is at sea level OAT is 15 Baro is 1013.2 No interference to air flow over pitot or static vents (no pressure error) No errors in instrument mechanism Aircraft flying 200kts
4
Q
How do we get calibrated airspeed?
A
Total amount of instrument error and pressure error corrections applied to IAS
5
Q
What will happen to CAS if climbing at fixed EAS?
A
CAS will be greater
6
Q
What is EAS equal to related to CAS?
A
EAS is always equal to or less than CAS
7
Q
What happens to TAS if climbing at constant IAS in climb?
A
TAS increases with altitude
8
Q
What is the difference to speed of sound in cold environments compared to hot?
A
Speed of sound slower in cold than warm
fast in warm air, slow in cold air
9
Q
What is the speed of sound in higher altitudes compared to lower one?
A
Speed of sound is low at high altitudes where temps are cold
10
Q
When do shockwaves form?
A
When air accelerating over wing reaches M1.0
11
Q
What is Mcrit?
A
Actual mach number when shock wave occurs
12
Q
What does Mach define relationship to
A
TAS to speed of sound
13
Q
What will climbing at fixed Mach number do to TAS?
A
TAS reduces
14
Q
What is Vmo/Mmo?
A
Normal operating speeds
15
Q
Is Vmo/Mmo higher or lower than Vne?
A
Lower
16
Q
How do we see Vmo/Mmo?
A
On barbers pole on ASI
17
Q
What will climbing at IAS just below Vmo do to Mmo?
A
Mmo eventually exceeded?
18
Q
What is relationship between true OAT to TAT?
A
True OAT always equal to or colder than TAT
19
Q
What is TORA?
A
Physical length of the pavement
20
Q
With regards to TORA, what must happen to an aircraft taking off at the end of TORA?
A
Must be airborne
21
Q
What is ASDA?
A
Length of the pavement plus any stopway at the end of runway
22
Q
Is the stopway required to be pavement?
A
No, just must be able to support weight of aircraft and not cause significant damage to aircraft structure
23
Q
What is ASDR?
A
Accelerate/stop distance required by aircraft assuming rejection of takeoff at V1
24
Q
What is the relationship between ASDR and ASDA re takeoff weight?
A
Takeoff weight shall be such that ASDR shall not exceed ASDA
25
What is TODA?
Length of runway plus any clearway (including stopway) at end of runway
26
What is the relationship between TODA and aircraft take off weight?
Take off weight shall be such that it reaches 35 feet AGL by end of clearway following failure of critical engine at V1
27
What is TODR?
Distance required for aircraft to reach 35ft AGL following failure of critical engine at V1
28
What is STOD?
Length of runway available for ACCELERATE/GO from V1
29
What is EOL?
Effective operational length is the lesser of TODA, ASDA and STOD less the aircraft lineup allowance (45m)
30
What is the primary runway?
Runway with longest EOL
31
What is Vs1?
Stall speed in take off config
| flap at T.O, gear down, CoG at rear envelope limit, prop in T.O., zero thrust or flight idle
32
What is Vmcg?
Minimum speed a/c is controllable on ground using only aerodynamic devices (no nosewheel steering)
33
What is VMU?
Speed at which ac can first safely become airborne with power at takeoff in takeoff config, nose at max positive angle (generally cause tailstrike)
34
What is Vlof?
Speed at which aircraft becomes airborne after rotating at Vr
35
What is Vef?
Engine failure speed, CAS at which critical engine is assumed to have failed
36
What is Vmca?
Minimum steady flight speed at which pilot can maintain a/c direction with one engine at full power and other completely failed
37
What is the go with stall speed with forward CoG and aft CoG?
Higher stall speed at forward CoG
| Lower stall speed at aft CoG
38
What is V1?
Speed at which decision is made to continue take off or abort if engine fails (if hit V1 must continue take off)
39
What is Vr?
Best speed to rotate. Gain as much height as possible in least horizontal distance
40
What is Min V2
Minimum safe speed to leave ground effect and guarantee continued climb even with one engine fail
41
What speed is higher, V1 or Vef?
V1
42
What is the time delay between Vef and V1 and what is it for?
0.5 s
| Identify that an engine has failed
43
What is the time between V1 and initiating wheel braking?
2 s
44
What is the time delay between brake activation and throttle closure?
1s
45
What is time delay for throttle closure and raising of lift dump and speedbrake?
1s
46
What happens if ASDR is greater than ASDA?
You will run off end of runway
47
With regards to certification runway performance, what is assumed with the start?
Standing start
48
What does a rolling start do to runway takeoff distance required?
Increases it
49
Which engine is critical engine in crosswind?
Upwind engine
50
What happens to V1 and take off weight with greater ASDA?
Higher V1
| Higher takeoff weight
51
Considering rejected take off only, what do long/short runways do to V1?
```
Long = higher V1
Short = lower V1
```
52
Considering rejected take off only on fixed ASDA what does high/low take off weights do to V1?
```
High = lower V1
Low = Higher V1
```
53
What does runways contaminated by water, ice, snow etc do to V1 speed?
Lower V1
54
If a runway has a stopway at the end of the TORA, what happens to V1?
Higher V1
55
What is the runway limitation for de-rated takeoff?
Dry runway only
56
What is de rated take off? When would you use it?
Less than full power is required to achieve 35 ft by end of TODA and ASDA.
Long runway and/or takeoff weight low
57
What does engine bleed air extraction do to thrust, acceleration and deceleration?
Reduce thrust supplied by engines
Slower acceleration
No affect of deceleration
58
What is the effect of flap on V1 speed?
Greater the flap, lower the V1 speed
59
What must VR be equal to with relation to V1, Vmcg and Vmca?
Equal to or greater than V1 and Vmcg
| At least 5% greater than Vmca
60
What happens to take off distance if you rotate before or after Vr?
Increase take off distance by 35ft
61
What is V2?
Takeoff safety speed
62
What is V2min?
The higher of 1.1VMCA and 1.2 Vs
63
When must V2min be reached?
At or before end of TODA
64
What does more flap do to runway weight and climb weight?
Increases runway limit weight
| Decreases climb limit weight
65
What does greater flap do to stall, V1, Vr, V2 min and TORR?
Reduces them all
66
What does increase weight do to stall speed?
Increases stall speed
67
What does increase weight do to TODR, V2 speed and rate of climb?
Increase TODR
Increase V2 Speed
Greater rate of climb
68
What is Vmbe?
Speed above which there will be insufficient brake energy available to stop a/c after rejected take within given ASDA
69
What speed can V1 be in relation to Vmbe?
Equal but not greater than Vmbe
70
What factors reduce (improve) Vmcg value?
```
High density
Reduced takeoff thrust
Large tail fin area
Large rudder area/large rudder deflection available
Forward CoG
Short distance from engine to fuselage
```
71
What must V1 and Vr be in relation to Vmcg?
Equal to or greater than Vmcg
72
What happens to Vmcg speeds with forward/rear CoG?
Less with forward CoG
| Higher with rear CoG
73
What is gross climb gradient?
Minimum climb performance that must be satisfied during certification trials without ground effect
74
What is net climb gradient?
Gross gradients with an standard deviation deduction for pilot operating technique of line pilots instead of test pilots (reduction in thrust performance due to age)
75
What is the maximum legal reported tailwind component?
10kt
76
Does the legal landing distance required apply in emergency situations?
No
77
What is the gust additives?
Increase published nul wind vref approach speed by half the steady headwind component plus all gust value up to a maximum additive of 20kt
78
What is aim point past approach threshold?
20feet x threshold crossing height (for 3 degrees glidepath
79
What effect does speed have on your LDR and aim point?
No effect on aim point
| Large effect on LDR
80
What does excess height at threshold do to aim point?
Extra distance added past aim point
81
What is the go with ACN and PCN?
ACN can equal but not exceed PCN
82
What is angle of climb formula?
(Thrust - Drag ) / Weight
83
What is Vy?
Best rate of climb
84
Formula for rate of climb?
Excess power available / weight
85
Which is faster, best rate or best angle?
Best rate
86
When does best rate occur?
When power available vs power required is at maximum
87
What affect does headwind and tail wind have on best rate of climb?
None
88
What does headwind do to climb angle?
Increases it
89
How do you get max angle of climb?
Maximum excess thrust
90
What is relationship between best anlge L/D and Vimd?
Best angle is at L/D Max
| Vimd and is slower than for best rate
91
What happens at Vy as IAS as altitude is gained above FL250?
Reduces
92
What does increase in weight have on rate and angle of climb?
Decrease in climb angle and climb rate (so therefore optimum airspeed for max angle and rate is faster for heavier aircraft)
93
What does high temperatures and low QNH do to rate and angle of climb?
Decreases it
94
What does high temperatures and low QNH do to time, fuel burn and distance to ToPC?
Increases it
95
What does headwind/tail wind do to climb angle?
Head wind Increases climb angle
| Tailwind decreases climb angle
96
What is the longest endurance time for jet aircraft?
L/D Max (Vimd) where thrust to overcome drag is least (less thrust = less fuel flow)
97
What does increased altitude do to endurance for jet?
Increase endurance
98
At a higher altitude, what happens to holding speed?
Occurs at higher TAS
99
Where does best specific endurance occur for jet?
At or near tropopause
100
For speed stability, what speed should you do for holding? WHy?
Slightly faster than Vimd
| Incase of gusts, if speed is lost then speed reduce rapidly to stall
101
What affect does weight have on glide distance if operating at the speed for L/D Mac?
No effect
102
What does flying faster/slower than L/D Max have on glide distance?
Reduces it
103
What is the climb schedule of the 727?
310 kts IAS and 0.78M
104
What happens to the fuel on hot days when loaded?
Will be less dense and tanks produce lower fuel weight
105
What happens to the fuel on cold days when loaded?
Will be more dense and tanks produce higher fuel weight
106
What happens to MRC and LRC Mach numbers as gross weight reduces?
Both reduce
107
What does MRC achieve?
Best air distance covered (best SAR)
108
What does Vimd achieve?
Longest endurance
| Holding pattern speed
109
What happens to SAR as weight decreases?
It increases
110
What happens to total drag curve in dirty configuration?
Moves left and up
111
What happens to LRC and MRC speeds in dirty configuration?
Speeds are lower
112
What happens to CAS if there is a change in OAT but the Mach number remains the same?
CAS remains unchanged
113
What does forward CoG do to range?
Reduces it
114
What does rear CoG do to range?
Increases it
115
In relation to position of CP, where is PNR?
At or beyond CP
116
What is CP?
Flight time home and flight time on are the same if you go on or home
117
What is PNR?
Last position at which fuel on board will allow you to return to airport behind you
118
What is optimum flight level?
Fuel flow/TAS relationship gives lowest SAR
119
How much extra fuel is burnt if flap extended 2 mins early on descent?
120 kg fuel
120
What does increases apparent weight and altitude do to manoeuvre margin?
Reduces it
