Revision Flashcards
State some symptoms of URTIs
nasal congestion rhinorrhea sneezing sore/scratchy throat cough fever
Sometimes: halitosis head ache dyspnoea conjunctivitis nausea vomiting diarrhoea
Name four common bacteria that cause URTIs
H. influenza
M. catarrhalis
S. aureus
Streptococci B
Name five common viruses that cause URTIs
Adenovirus Influenza A, B Paraflu I, III RSV Rhinovirus
Describe some defence mechanisms that infective agents have.
- Produce toxins
- Can change their outer proteins so they are not recognised (change their antigenicity)
- Can produce adhesion factors so they can stick to the membranes in the URT so prevent them being digested .
what investigation could be done for an UTRI
Nasal/throat swab (bacterial culture)
Rapid Strep test
Heterophile antibody test (ebstein barr virus)
State some clinical signs of a URTI
Lymphadenopathy Enlarged tonsils white secretions from adenoids and tonsils Redness of eyes Halitosis cough fever
State some ways of treating an URTI
Rest, hydration, nutrition
NSAIDs
Antihistamines
Decongestants
Antibiotics should be considered if symptoms last for more than 10 days
State some consequences of URTIs
Worsening lung disease (COPD, Asthma...) Muscular pain or rib fractures from forceful coughing Ottis media Respiratory compromise from epiglottis Meningitis
When should someone with an URTI be hospitalised?
Severe dehydration Hypoxic Significant confusion Worsening SOB Child, elderly, immunocompromised
Bronchiolitis:
Symptoms
nasal congestion
tachypnoea
poor feeding
wheeze
Bronchiolitis:
Management
increased observation
decreased intervention
hydration and nutrition
Bronchiolitis:
Treatment
NO MEDICATION THAT WORKS
Bronchiolitis:
Virus that causes the infection
RSV
sometimes:
Para flu III
HMPV
Are URTIs self limiting ??
yes
Tracheitis:
Symptoms
Biphasic Stirdor (superior part of trachea becomes constricted and inferior part widens)
