Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pneumonia > Revision > Flashcards

Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways pneumonia can be acquired?

A

CAP - community acquired pneumonia
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A 
SOB
Chest (pleuritic) pain 
Cough 
Malaise 
Rusty purulent sputum 
Fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the clinical presentations of pneumonia?

A

Pyrexia
Tachypnoea
Central cyanosis
inspiratory crepitations
Decreased lung expansion on the affected side
Increased vocal resonance on affected side
Increased dullness on percussion on affected side
Sounds more like bronchial sounds on auscultation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

State some differential diagnoses of pneumonia

A

Lung cancer
Pulmonary embolism
Cardiac failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State some complications of pneumonia

A 
Fibrosis 
Empyema 
Pleural effusion 
Recurrent infections 
- Local bronchial obstruction (tumour) 
- Local pulmonary damage (bronchiectasis)
- Generalised lung disease (COPD)
- Non respiratory disease (HIV) 
Lung abscesses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Treatment for pneumonia

A

Rest, hydration, nutrition, oxygenation

Non severe:
oral antibiotics - amoxicillin

Severe:
IV antibiotics - coamoxicillin, clarithromycin

Empyema should be drained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

State some ways that pneumonia can be prevented

A

Annual influenza vaccine
Cessation of smoking
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine every three years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State some investigation that should be done for pneumonia?

A 
CXR
Blood tests 
Sputum culture 
Arterial blood gases 
HIV testing 
U and Rs 
Full blood count 
Urinary legionella antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many people out of 1000 get pneumonia?

A

5-11 per 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what s the mortality percentage?

A

5.7-12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what percentage of community acquired pneumonia needs to be hospitalised ?

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who are most affected by pneumonia?

A

over 65 year olds
immunocomprimised
COPD patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the main cause of patients to acquire pneumonia from hospitals?

A

use of antibiotics which reduce the good bacteria in the body so opportunistic bacteria can enter the body with reduced defence mechanisms so can colonise better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the five main patterns of pneumonia?

A 
bronchopneumonia 
lobar/ segmental 
hypostatic 
endogenous lipid pneumonia 
aspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the pattern of bronchopneumonia?

A

tends to be focal infection with bilateral basal consolidations
(patches of pus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does lobar pneumonia happen?

A

the body responses the pneumonia bacteria by over producing secretions
the secretions spread the infection all over the lobe

17
Q

How does endogenous lipid pneumonia occur?

A

obstruction of airways which results from accumulation of lipids in the airways (cholesterol) which macrophages find difficult to digest which also accumulate in the airways.

18
Q

what is the severity scoring system which is used to assess pneumonia?

A

CURB 65

confusion
blood urea >7
respiratory rate >30
diastolic BP 65

19
Q

What is the treatment for score
0
1-2
3-5

A

0

  • low risk
  • amoxycillin or clarithromycin

1-2

  • usually needs hospitalisation
  • amoxycillin and clarithromycin

3-5

  • high risk and usually needs ICU
  • co-amoxycillin and clarithromycin
20
Q

What treatment is used if the patient is allergic to penicillin ?

A

levofloxacin

21
Q

What are the three outcomes of organisation of pneumonia?

A
  • mass lesion
  • COP (cryptogenic organising pneumonia)
  • constrictive bronchiectasis
22
Q

Lung abscess is a complication of pneumonia

what are the five causes of pneumonia?

A
  • obstructed bronchi (tumour?)
  • particular organism (staph. aureus, pnuemococcal, kelbsiella)
  • aspiration
  • necrotic lung
  • Metastatic in Pyaemia
23
Q

name four ways in which defence mechanisms are lowered for recurrent infections to occur? and give some examples

A

local bronchial obstruction
- tumour, aspiration

local pulmonary damage
- bronchiectasis

generalised lung disease
- CF, COPD

non-respiratory disease
- immunocompromised (HIV)

24
Q

name some ways for aspiration pneumonia to occur?

A

sedation
vomiting
neuromuscular disorders
oesophageal lesion

25
Q

in which lobe does aspiration pneumonia usually occur?

A

lower right lobe

26
Q

does hypoxaemia occur in pneumonia?

A

yes
fluid/secretions fill the alveolar
therefore the pulmonary circulation around the affect area vasoconstrict to prevent blood from entering the area
as air cannot enter the affected areas of the lung, ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs.
if the pneumonia is very severe then a shunt occurs as not air can enter the lung.

27
Q

what is the normal volume of air breathed per minute?

A

4 l/min

28
Q

What is the normal cardiac output per min?

A

5 l/min

29
Q

therefore what is the normal ventilation/perfusion ratio?

A

0.8

30
Q

what does low V/Q mismatch respond well to?

A

small increase in FIO2

31
Q

what do shunts respond badly to ?

A

increase in FIO2

32
Q

Why do shunts respond badly to increase in FIO2?

A

because the haemoglobin is already saturated

33
Q

What is chronic for pulmonale?

A

when the left side of the heart become hypertrophic
this is due to
- pulmonary vasoconstriction
- pulmonary embolism
the heart wants to maintain the normal cardiac output so the left side of the heart pumps harder
the tunica media becomes thicker and a layer of fibrosis forms on the tunica intima

Secondary polycythaemia- more RBCs are produced so the blood becomes thicker and therefore harder to pump.

more stress on the heart

Pneumonia (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions