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1
Q

Adaptations of an animal from a cold climate

A 
Thick layers of fat
Thick layers of fur
A small surface area to volume ratio
A greasy coat
Short limbs
Small ears
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2
Q

Adaptations of plants from a dry environment

A 
Ability to store water in stems and leaves
Long root systems
Waxy coating to reduce water loss
Spines to discourage animals
Slower growing requires less energy
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3
Q

Adaptations for plants from a salty environment

A 
Leaves with glands to excrete salt
Tolerance with the storage of salt
Far-reaching exposed roots
Roots to stop the intake of salt
Ability to turn the leaves to reduce surface area of the leaf
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4
Q

Resources which animals compete for

A 
Space
Mates
Nests
Food
Water
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5
Q

Resources which plants compete for

A

Mineral salts
Space
Sunlight
Water

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6
Q

Physical features of predator species

A 
Forward location of the eyes
Acute sense of smell
Acute sense of hearing
Strong jaw
Good stamina
Strong hind legs
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7
Q

Behavioural features of prey

A 
Move quietly
Move in herds
Good stamina
Ability to pick sheltered nesting area
Solitary
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8
Q

Physical features of prey

A

Quick
Strong hind legs
Acute senses
Good stamina

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9
Q

Behavioural features of predators

A 
Move quietly 
Move in herds
Trickery 
Lure them
Good stamina
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10
Q

Seed Dispersal

A

Gliders (winged seed)
Helicopters (slow to descend/carried by air currents/spin)
Cotton seeds and fruit (dense mass of tiny seeds)
Tumbleweed (light weight/ pushed by winds/ scatter seeds)
Parachute (fragile/light weight/airborne at the slightest gust of wind)

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11
Q

2 reporoductive organs in plsnts

A

Anther and stigma

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12
Q

Why are pollinators attracted?

A

Nectar
Smell
Colourful

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13
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A pathogen is a micro-organism that causes disease

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14
Q

Bacteria

A

Single-celled organisms
Can be harmful or helpful
Can cause disease
Reporoduce inside the body to produce toxins whichcause symptoms

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15
Q

Viruses

A

Non-living particles (made of protein and DNA)
All cause disease
Take over cells and turn em into virus factories
You feel ill because cells burst and die

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16
Q

Fungi

A

Can be single-celled or multicellular
Can be harmful or helpful
Some can cause disease

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17
Q

Protozoa

A

Single-celled organisms
Some can be harmful or helpful
Some can cause disease
Most are not pathogens, but some are

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18
Q

Vector

A

Infectious agent spread to humans by blood-sucking insects (vectors)e.g. mosquitoes, ticks, fleas
Insect feeds on an infected animal then feeds on human and passes the germ into the blood stream

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19
Q

Direct and Indirect Contact

A

Direct contact is, for example, touching an imfected person or being bitten by a diseased animal
Indirect contact is, for example, touching a surface (doorknob/work surface) contaminated with an infectious agent

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20
Q

Ingestion

A

Infectious agent spread through contaminates food or water

E.g. If someone does not wash their hands before preparing food or faeces in water (swimming pool/lake)

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21
Q

Airborne

A

Tiny mucus droplets: travel long distances, remain suspended or carried in the air for hours or days. Soread through coughing and sneezing

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22
Q

What is immunity?

A

The state of being immune from or insusceptible to a particular disease or the like.

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23
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Memory cells are a type of white blood cell that can respond quickly when it meets a microorganism for the second time. They produce the right antibody for the particular microorganism and antigens and destroy it before you feel unwell. This is described as being immune to a disease.

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24
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A dead or inactive the pathogen entering the body to stimulate white blood cells. They produce the correct antibodies which fit with the antigens to kill the disease. Memory cells are created and if the patjogen enters again the body knows how to react. The problems occur when there are different versions of the pathogen e.g. flu and cold viruses, meaning you have to go through thr process of natural active immunity again.

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25
How do vaccinations prevent epidemics?
If less people are able to get the disease, there is less people for those who can catch it.
26
What is herd immunity?
The immunity or resistance to a particular infection that occurs in a group of people or animals when a very high percentage of individuals have been vaccinated or previously exposed to the infection.
27
What is antibacterial resistance?
Over time, bacteria can become resistant to certsin antibiotics. This is an example of 'natural selection'. In a large population of bacteria, there may be some that are not affected by the antibiotic. These survive and reproduce, creating more bacteria that are not affected by the antibiotic.
28
How does antibacterial resistance increase?
Random changes or mutations occur in the genes of individual bacteria cells Some mutations protet the bacterial cells from the effects of the antibiotic Bacteria without the mutation die or cannot reproduce with the antibiotic present The resistant bacteria are able to reproduce with less competition from normal bacteria. More common if people: don't finish the full course of medicine/ use medicine unnecessarily.
29
How does your body react to a cut?
Stage 1: the skin is broken Stage 2: platelets form a mesh of fibres across the surface of the cut Stage 3: red blood cells get trapped in the mesh Stage 4: the clot dries - a scab. New skin grows underneath
30
How is cilia and mucus a successful defence mechanism?
Pathogens get trapped in the mucus and the cilia mexican wave them out
31
What is a Phagocyte?
Eating cell
32
What is a Lymphocyte?
Pathogens contain certain chemicals that are foreign to the body and are called antigens. Each lymphocyte carries a specific type of antibody - a protein that has a chemical 'fit' to a certain antigen. When a lymphocyte with the appropriate antibody meets the antigen, the lymphocyte reproduces quickly, and makes many copies of the antibody that neutralises the pathogen.
33
Why are you immune after vaccination?
The lymphocytes know which antigen is needed to destroy the pathogen and can respond quickly.
34
How does your body react to pathogens?
Lymphocytes recognise the antigens as non-self. They produce antibodies and the antibodies attach to pathogens, if they are the right with their antigens. The process of killing the pathogens is longer, during this time you become ill?
35
What is active natural immunity?
You have made your own antibodies and memory cells from getting the disease
36
What is artificial active immunity?
You have made your own antibodies and memory cells from a vaccination.
37
What is passive immunity?
Get antibodies from someone else. No memory cells made-wear off.
38
Carbohydrates
Quick release of energy
39
Fats
Slow release of energy
40
Proteins
Build and repair muscles
41
Vitamins
``` Mainly immune system A: vision B: energy production C: skin healthy D: bones and teeth E: antioxidant and protects cell walls K: needed for blood clotting ```
42
Adaptations of an animal from a hot climate
``` Thin fur A large surface area to volume ratio Ability to go a long time without water Ability to tolerate high temperatures Little fat Long limbs Large ears ```
43
Minerals
Release energy from food Calcium: healthy teeth and bones Iron: formation of red blood cells
44
Fibre
Skow release of energy | Healthy digestion
45
Why is important to keep hydrated?
Regulate body temp Lubricate joints Carry nutrients and oxygen to cells
46
Why does your heart beat faster, when you exercise?
To pump blood quicker, which carries oxygen to your muscles
47
What is a deficiency disease?
A disease cauaed by the lack of a nutrient from your diet. E.g. Iron — anaemia
48
Cholestrol
A waxy substance produced in the liv r and found in food
49
When do MASH equations take place?
When the metal is more reactive than Hyrdogen because it displaces Hydrogen
50
Metal and non-metal ions?
Metal + | Non-metal -
51
How do you test for Hydrogen
Lit split makes a squeaky pop
52
How do you test for Oxygen?
Relight a glowing splint
53
How do you test for Carbon Dioxide?
Turns lime water cloudy
54
Endothermic
Takes in heat
55
Exothermic
Gives off heat
56
Electric current
Is the flow of electrons
57
Displacement reaction
When a more reactive metal displace a less reactive metal from its compound
58
Which elements are more reactive?
Lower down the group | Less electrons in the outer shell
59
Reactivity
If metals are in the middle of the Reactivity Series, the reaction isn't that spectacular. The higher up the series the more reactive Closer together the metals the less reactive the reaction is. The further away the metals are the more reactive the reaction is
60
Gases
``` Particles move about rapidly and randomly No lattice or bonds Large gaps of nothing bspetween Moving vigorously Quite easy to compress ```
61
Liquids
``` No lattice Particles move about and change positions Bigger gaps than soliss More energy so they move quicker Few bonds Randomly arranged Difficult to compress ```
62
Solids
Particles vibrate but stat in position Bonds between them Have bonds
63
What happensa to the temp. when changing state? Why?
Stays the same. The energy is being used to break bonds.
64
What is a redox reaction?
A reaction where one substance is reduced and another is oxidised
65
Oxidation
Loss of electrons | Gain of oxygen
66
Reduction
Gain of electron | Loss of oxygen
67
What is an ionic bond
Bond between opposite charges
68
Covalent compound
Bonds wherethey share electrons
69
Why are metals good conductors of electricity?
The free electrons can mve freely within te structure of a metal when an electrc current is applied. There are no such freen electrons in covalent or ionic solids, so electrons can't flow through them (insulators)
70
Ductility
Can be stretched into wires becsuse the metal syoms can slide over each other.
71
Why do metals have high mp and bp?
The delocalised electrons attract the poisitive ions STRONG BONDS
72
Malleable
Metals can be bent a nd hammered into different shapes becsuse the ooitive ions are in a sea of electrons
73
Refraction
Is when liht changes at the surface of a transparent surface
74
What does the ear drum do?
Vibrate
75
What is the quickest state for a sound wave to travel through?
Solid
76
What does an Oscillioscope do?
Draw sound
77
Opaque | Transparent
Solid | See-through
78
What is diffusion?
Particles move rapidly and randomly and bounce off the other particles, pushing them around the container
79
Strength of Gravity
10N/kg
80
What happens when metal expands?
Vibrate more | Bonds grow
81
What is gravity?
Force between masses
82
Electrostatic force
Force between charges
83
What does it mean if there is a resultsnt force?
No constant speed | Changing spped
84
What can forces do?
Change speed/direction/shape
85
What is combustion
Oxidation reaction, also known as burning
86
Predator
An animalthat naturally preys on others
87
Prey
An animal that is hunted and killed by another for food.
88
Why does the pressure in gases increase?
Heat- hit sides harder and more often Smaller - more often More particles- more often
89
Antigens
A substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it
90
Antibodies
Used by the immune system to identify and neutralise pathogens

Yr 8 Science (1 decks)

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