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0
Q

The difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

A

Psychologists are NOT legally permitted to prescribe medication or perform medical procedures. They also complete at least of 6 years of full-time undergraduate and postgraduate study in pyschology.
Psychiatrists first train as Medical Doctors. They also have to complete at least 13 years of medical education in all aspects of medicine, surgery and psychiatry.

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1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

Is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.

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2
Q

What are some of the areas of specialisation for a psychologist?

A 
Sport psychology, 
Clinical psychology, 
Forensic psychology, 
Clinical Neuropsychology, 
Counselling psychology, 
Educational and Developmental psychology,       
Organisational psychology 
Community psychology 
Health psychology 
Academic and Research Psychology
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3
Q

Sports psychology-

A

A specialised area of psychology that investigates the psychological factors that influence, and are influenced by, a person’s participation in sport, exercise and physical activity.

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4
Q

Forensic psychology:

A

A specialised area of psychology that specialises in the application of psychology to the legal and justice system.

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5
Q

How is psychology a science?

A

It follows the scientific method therefore it is a science.

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6
Q

How does someone become a psychologist?

A

They must complete at least 6 years of full-time undergraduate and postgraduate study in the area of psychology.

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7
Q

What are the registration requirements for a psychologist in Victoria?

A

To practise as a psychologist in Victoria, you are legally required to register with the Psychologists Registration Board of Victoria.

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8
Q

The scientific method is:

A

The step-by-step approach to planning, conduction and reporting research.

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9
Q

What are the 7 steps that make up the scientific method:

A
  1. Identify the research topic.
  2. Formulate the hypothesis.
  3. Select the research method and design the study.
  4. Collect the data.
  5. Analyse the data.
  6. Draw conclusions
  7. Report findings.
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10
Q
  1. Identify the research of topic-
A

After gathering some background information on the area of interest, they will narrow down their focus to enable the posing of a relevant research question that can be tested.

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11
Q
  1. Formulate the hypothesis-
A

A hypothesis is a tentative, testable, prediction of the possible relationship between 2 or more events and characteristics.
The hypothesis includes who will be investigated, what will be observed and how it will be measured.

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12
Q
  1. Select the research method-
A

This is to decide exactly how the topic of interested will be measured and who specifically will be participating.

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13
Q
  1. Collect the data-
A

The experiment is performed and the information is collected. This is the data. When collecting data, the psychologist must be objective.
Objectivity refers to when data is collected without bias, prejudice, or influence of personal factors such as age, gender, race, beliefs or opinions.

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14
Q

Quantitative data:

A

Information collected during research which is in numerical form. Eg: height.

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15
Q

Qualitative data:

A

Information collected during research which is non-numerical. Eg: interview, diary entries.

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16
Q
  1. Analyse the data:
A

After the data is collected, psychologists use a number of techniques to analyse and describe it. If the data is in numerical (quantitative) form, then statistics can be applied to it.

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17
Q
  1. Drawing conclusions:
A

The psychologist can now compare their findings to the hypothesis to see if the data is consistent with their prediction. The findings of this comparison form the basis for the conclusion. The conclusion is a judgement or decision about what the results from psychological research mean. This can either support or refute the hypothesis.

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18
Q

What is generalisation?

A

A generalisation is extending or applying the results for a sample more widely to the population from which the same was drawn.

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19
Q
  1. Report the findings-
A

Finally, the findings of the experiment are reported so that other researchers have access to the results to either replicate the study or inform their future research.

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20
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is a tentative, testable, prediction of the possible relationship between 2 or more events and characteristics.

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21
Q

Sample:

A

Participants are selected for experiments through a process called sampling. Those selected are called the sample.

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22
Q

Population:

A

The group from which the sample is drawn is called the population.

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23
Q

Non experimental method:

A

Nonexperimental research is research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions

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24
Q

The psychological experiment is:

A

Specifically used for determining whether there is a cause and effect relationship between 2 or more variables.

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24
Q

IV?

A

Independent variable- manipulated variable.

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25
Q

DV?

A

Dependent variable- measured variable

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26
Q

EV?

A

Extraneous variables- other variable.

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27
Q

The difference between the experimental and control groups:

A

The experimental group is exposed to the independent variable whereas the control group is not exposed to the independent variable.

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28
Q

Responsibilities of a psychologist:

A

Competence, Privacy & Confidentiality, Propriety.

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29
Q

Competence-

A

States that the services provided by psychologist should be restricted to their areas of competence, and continue to revise and update their knowledge.

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30
Q

Privacy & Confidentiality-

A

Refers to the need to respect the secrecy and privacy of information exchanged in a trusting relationship between a psychologist and their client.

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31
Q

Propriety-

A

Refers to the need to ensure that the relationship between the psychologist and client remains professional, and that the client should always be treated with dignity.

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32
Q

The code of Behaviour States that psychologists can reveal information about a client if:

A

The client gives permission in writing for the release of that information. The release of that information is to protect the client or others from harm.

33
Q

What is motivation?

A

Motivation is an internal force that activates, directs and sustains behaviour towards the attainment of a goal

34
Q

The differences between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation:

A

Extrinsic motivation: is the motivation that results from rewards that are external to the individual.
Intrinsic Motivation: is motivation that results from internal factors operating within the individual.

35
Q

Tangible rewards:

A

are rewards that can be physically held and shown to others.
Eg. money, awards, trophies and medals

36
Q

Intangible rewards are:

A

are rewards that cannot be physically held.
Eg. Prestige, praise from parents, coach or peers, or achieving public recognition.

37
Q

What are 2 types of goals?

A

Short and Long Term goals.

38
Q

What is the procedure for goal setting?

A

Goal setting: is the process of setting specific, measurable and time-targeting objectives.
Goals should be:
 Achievable
 Action-orientated
 Measurable
 Time-bound
 Written down and displayed
 Owned by the team or individual

39
Q

Self-confidence is:

A

is a person’s belief in themself and their ability.

40
Q

Ways/ Strategies of improving an athletes self-confidence:

A

Cognitive Techniques, Role models, Body language & Walk, coping strategies and social comparisons.

41
Q

Arousal is:

A

Arousal is an organism’s overall state of alertness and readiness for action. Arousal can vary, and performance in sport can be affected by arousal.

42
Q

What are some of the effects of prolonged arousal?

A

Prolonged or intense arousal can result in stress, which can lead to both physiological and psychological effects.

43
Q

Explain the difference between stress and a stressor.

A

Stress is a state of physiological or psychological tension produced by internal or external forces, and usually requires an individual to make an adjustment as they feel that they are unable to cope.
A stressor is any internal or external stimuli that cause stress.

44
Q

What is choking? Example?

A

Choking occurs when an athlete is unable to perform a well-learned and well-rehearsed skill. It is thought the pressure to perform well causes the athlete to become self-conscious and direct too much attention at a skill that was previously automatic. This leads to them being unable to perform.

45
Q

The Yerkes-Dobson law:

A

Assumes that performance improves with increased arousal until a peak is reached, after which further arousal leads to decline in performance.
This means that there is an optimum level of arousal required to achieve a persons best performance.

46
Q

Techniques of relaxation and what are they?

A

Relaxation is a mental technique that releases tension from muscles and calms the body by helping to slow down the bodily functions that may have been stimulated by arousal. Types of techniques are:
Environmental, psychical and mental techniques.

47
Q

Areas of specialisation for forensic psychology:

A
  • Sexual offending
  • Domestic violence
  • conducting assessments of risk to self and/or others
  • conducting research
  • conducting assessments
  • police work and offender profiling
48
Q

Define the term stalking:

A

Stalking is a term used to describe a persons persistent attempts to force unwanted communications or contact on another person that cause the victim fear of distress.

49
Q

The incompetent suitor-

A

The incompetent suitor wants a friend and lover but lacks the social skills and knowledge of how to establish a close relationship with someone, so they use inappropriate methods of ‘keeping close contact’. For example, ‘accidentally’ and frequently bumping
into their victim in many different places.

50
Q

The resentful stalker-

A

The resentful stalker has become obsessed with their victim over some real or imagined insult or injury, and typically stalks to ‘get even’. A politician, for example, may become the target of a resentful stalker who has become very angry over some political decision or action they disagree with.

51
Q

The rejected stalker-

A

The rejected stalker has experienced a breakup in a personal relationship but refuses to believe and accept that the relationship has really ended. They are often described as someone who ‘just can’t let go’.

52
Q

The predatory stalker-

A

The predatory stalker pursues their desire for sexual gratification and control of others through stalking. They tend to concentrate on secretly following their victim and maintaining surveillance of them. They never send letters and rarely phone or openly approach their victim.

53
Q

Impact on stalking-

A

A victims psychological responses to stalking are often similar to those of traumatic experiences, such as being raped or witnessing.
Symptoms include feelings of powerlessness, severe stress, anxiety, panic attacks etc.

54
Q

What 3 things does criminal profiling involve?

A

Criminal profiling is a technique used to assist in the identification and apprehension of a likely criminal offender for a particular crime or series of crimes. Criminal profiling also involves:
Working out how the offender came to be the way they are
Predicting what they are like right now
Working out what can be done to catch them before they commit another crime

55
Q

Difference between offender signature and signature behaviours.

A

An offender signature is a pattern of distinctive behaviours that are characteristic of, and satisfy, the offenders emotional and psychological needs.
Signature behaviours are those acts committed by an offender that are not necessary to complete the crime, but the offender to do to satisfy himself.

56
Q

What is the BEA?

A

Behavioural Evidence Analysis- The BEA method of criminal profiling is based on a type of reasoning called deductive reasoning. This method takes into account.

57
Q

The 5 steps of BEA:

A 
Analyse the forensic evidence
Analyse the victims characteristics 
Analyse the crime scene
Develop a criminal profile 
The apprehension
58
Q

The difference between an eyewitness and an expert witness?

A

An expert witness is someone who has specialised knowledge, skills or experience in the information they present before a court.
An eyewitness is someone who tells the court what they heard, saw or smelt, they are not allowed to say what they think and express their opinion.

59
Q

What is the minimum age of criminal responsibility?

A

10 years of age.

60
Q

What is diminished responsibility?

A

an unbalanced mental state which is considered to make a person less answerable for murder, being recognized as grounds to reduce the charge to that of manslaughter.

61
Q

What 2 things needed to be proven to used a not guilty by reason of mental impariment defence?

A

First, that the person was indeed suffering from a mental disorder or intellectual disability at the time of the crime.
Second, that the mental disorder or intellectual disability caused them to be unable to understand what they were doing or to know the difference between right and wrong behaviour at the time of the crime.

62
Q

Dangerousness is:

A

Dangerousness is a legal term that refers to the likelihood of a person, committing a serious act of violence, with little provocation, in a variety of real-life situations.

63
Q

A psychopath is:

A

Someone who lacks the ability to feel emotions and has no conscience; they do not feel regret or guilt about any socially inappropriate or illegal behaviours they engage in.

64
Q

The 3 stages of of memory are:

A

Encoding, storage,retrieval

65
Q

Problems with encoding:

A

Psychologists have found that an eyewitness’s memory may be affected at this first stage, as they only encode some of the information or distort it.
This may be due to a number of factors, violence distraction and weapon focus.

66
Q

Problems associated with retrieval:

A

When a person cannot retrieve previously stored information, forgetting is said to have occurred. An understanding of forgetting is of crucial importance to eyewitness memory. There are many different theories of forgetting, but three of the major ones relating to eyewitness memory are trace-dependent forgetting, motivated forgetting and cue dependent forgetting.

67
Q

Methods used to help eyewitnesses witnesses what they saw-

A
  1. The Cognitive Interivew
  2. Forensic Hypnosis
  3. Lineup
  4. Mugshots
  5. Constructing a facial composite
68
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System?

A

Brain and the Spinal Cord.

69
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Everything but the brain and the spinal cord.

70
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

One of the functions of the spinal cord is to act as a link between the brain and the rest of the body

71
Q

Name the 3 regions of the brain?

A

Hindbrain, Forebrain and midbrain

72
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

Three of the structures in the forebrain are: the Hypothalamus, Thalamus and Cerebrum.

73
Q

What makes up the midbrain?

A

The main structure of the midbrain is the Reticular Formation.

74
Q

What makes up the hind brain?

A

It consists of 3 main structures: the Cerebellum, Medulla and Pons.

75
Q

Pons:

A

Located just above the medulla, it is a bundle of nerve fibres that connects the spinal cord with the brain. It also relays information from higher up in the brain to the cerebellum. The pons plays an important role in sleep, dreaming, waking up. Damage to the pons will alter the sleeping pattern of the person/animal, even causing coma.

76
Q

Medulla-

A

Located just above the spinal cord. It connects the brain and the spinal cord.The medulla is involved in controlling vital reflexive functions such as swallowing, breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, salivating, coughing, and sneezing. It is often fatal if the medulla is damaged.

77
Q

Cerebrum-

A

The Cerebrum is located above the midbrain and is covered by a very thin layer of tightly packed neurons called cerebral cortex.The cerebrum and cerebral cortex are primarily responsible for cognitive abilities, such as learning, remembering, language, logical reasoning, and decision-making.
The cerebrum is divided into two halves called cerebral hemispheres. The two hemispheres are connected by nerve fibres called the corpus callosum.

78
Q

Thalamus-

A

The Thalamus is located above the hypothalamus. It receives sensory information from almost all the sense receptors (except the nose), briefly analyses this information, and then passes it to other areas of the brain for further processing.

79
Q

Reticular formation-

A

The Reticular Formation runs through both the hindbrain and midbrain. It is a network of neurons which extends from the core of the brain stem to the upper part of the midbrain. The reticular formation has 2 important functions – regulating alertness & modifying muscle movements. A person who suffers serious damage to their reticular formation will go into coma because their forebrain cannot be reached.

80
Q

Hypothalamus-

A

It has the key role of regulating the body’s internal environment in 3 main ways:
By influencing the activity of the autonomic nervous system.
By controlling the release of hormones from various glands in the body.
By influencing behaviours associated with basic biological needs such as hunger, body temperature, thirst, sleep and sex.
It is also involved in emotions such as anger and fear.

81
Q

Three types of techniques used to study the brain are:

A

CAT scan, PET scan & MRI scan.

Psychology (5 decks)

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